Molecular Detection of Eukaryotic Diets and Gut Mycobiomes in Two Marine Sediment-Dwelling Worms, <i>Sipunculus nudus</i> and <i>Urechis unicinctus</i>

Abstract

The present study aimed to reveal the eukaryotic diets of two economically important marine sediment-inhabiting worms, Sipunculus nudus (peanut worm) and Urechis unicinctus (spoon worm), using clone libraries and phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA genes. Fungal rDNA was also targeted and analyzed to reveal mycobiomes. Overall, we detected a wide range of eukaryotic phylotypes associated with the larvae of S. nudus and in the gut contents of both worms. These phylotypes included ciliates, diatoms, dinoflagellates, eustigmatophytes, placidids, oomycetes, fungi, nematodes, flatworms, seaweeds, and higher plants. Oomycetes were associated with the planktonic larvae of S. nudus. The composition of eukaryotic diets shifted greatly across the larval, juvenile, and adult stages of S. nudus, and among different gut sections in U. unicinctus, reflecting lifestyle changes during the ontogeny of the peanut worm and progressive digestion in the spoon worm. Malassezia-like fungi were prevalent in mycobiomes. Epicoccum and Trichosporon-related phylotypes dominated mycobiomes associated with larval individuals and in the gut contents of adults, respectively. The gut mycobiome of S. nudus was successively characterized through the midgut, aspiratory intestines, hindgut, and rectum as having a high proportion of Climacodon-Rhizochaete, Ceriporiopsis, Cladosporium-Pseudomicrostroma, and Malassezia-related species in the libraries. These results emphasize the dynamics of diets and gut mycobiomes in marine benthic animals.

Analysis of Raman Spectra by Using Deep Learning Methods in the Identification of Marine Pathogens

“…3 However, to date, no study on the diseases of U. unicinctus larvae has been conducted. 4 In this study, eight kinds of bacteria, including four pathogens, were isolated by the plate streaking method from the intestine of diseased U. unicinctus larvae to provide an etiological theoretical basis for the study of the diseases of U. unicinctus larvae. However, the current diagnostic methods used to detect and identify bacteria are time consuming since at least several days are required to culture bacteria.…”

“…However, to date, no study on the diseases of U. unicinctus larvae has been conducted . In this study, eight kinds of bacteria, including four pathogens, were isolated by the plate streaking method from the intestine of diseased U.…”

Insights into the bacterial community compositions of peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) and their association with the surrounding environment

“…In recent years, studies on S. nudus have focused on its population genetics (Du et al, 2008;Du et al, 2009) and reproductive biology (Cao et al, 2020;Yang et al, 2020;. Although the intestinal microbiota of S. nudus has been studied in the past few years (Wang et al, 2018;Li et al, 2019), the relationship between S. nudus and its surrounding environment has seldom been investigated.…”

Image Processing and Optical-Electricity Property of Traditional Medicine Products from Kian Sand Worm (Siphonosoma ur - pulau )

“…Worms are interesting because of its simplicity of anatomy with a simple life in different areas on earth [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Recently, about 7000 sites obtained on earth land from 56 nations in which earthworms consisted of three different types in their land living geo-ecology of epigeic, anecic and endogeic were identified [2,3].…”

“…Recently, about 7000 sites obtained on earth land from 56 nations in which earthworms consisted of three different types in their land living geo-ecology of epigeic, anecic and endogeic were identified [2,3]. Sandworms and sea-worms were also discovered in another place from the former one such as beach sand of different islands and seas areas of various continents, respectively [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Herbal medicines from plants and traditional medicines of different animal body parts and products are currently attractive fields in conjunction with pharmaceutical and interdisciplinary fields due to their origin of multitasking healing system [1,7,8,11,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”