Molecular detection and isolation of pathogenic Leptospira from asymptomatic humans, domestic animals and water sources in Nan province, a rural area of Thailand

Kurilung, Alongkorn; Chanchaithong, Pattrarat; Lugsomya, Kittitat; Niyomtham, Waree; Wuthiekanun, Vanaporn; Prapasarakul, Nuvee

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.017

Cited by 48 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Our result is similar to Leptospira prevalence reported in farmed pigs from rural Ecuador (21.1%) [39] but significantly higher than prevalences reported in New Caledonia (10.2%) [34] or Thailand (7.9%) [40]. A single infected pig was shown to carry the same genotype as found in most human samples (clade A).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Leptospira diversity in animals and humans in Tahiti, French Polynesia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundLeptospirosis is a highly endemic bacterial zoonosis in French Polynesia (FP). Nevertheless, data on the epidemiology of leptospirosis in FP are scarce. We conducted molecular studies on Leptospira isolated from humans and the potential main animal reservoirs in order to identify the most likely sources for human infection.Methodology/Principal findingsWild rats (n = 113), farm pigs (n = 181) and domestic dogs (n = 4) were screened for Leptospira infection in Tahiti, the most populated island in FP. Positive samples were genotyped and compared to Leptospira isolated from human cases throughout FP (n = 51), using secY, 16S and LipL32 sequencing, and MLST analysis. Leptospira DNA was detected in 20.4% of rats and 26.5% of pigs. We identified two Leptospira species and three sequence types (STs) in animals and humans: Leptospira interrogans ST140 in pigs only and L. interrogans ST17 and Leptospira borgpetersenii ST149 in humans and rats. Overall, L. interrogans was the dominant species and grouped into four clades: one clade including a human case only, two clades including human cases and dogs, and one clade including human cases and rats. All except one pig sample showed a unique L. interrogans (secY) genotype distinct from those isolated from humans, rats and dogs. Moreover, LipL32 sequencing allowed the detection of an additional Leptospira genotype in pigs, clearly distinct from the previous ones.Conclusions/SignificanceOur data confirm rats as a major potential source for human leptospirosis in FP. By contrast to what was expected, farm pigs did not seem to be a major reservoir for the Leptospira genotypes identified in human patients. Thus, further investigations will be required to determine their significance in leptospirosis transmission in FP.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Leptospira diversity in animals and humans in Tahiti, French Polynesia

et al. 2017

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“…Pathogenic leptospira may persist in asymptomatic domestic animals, humans, and environmental water sources [31]. Humans are known to excrete leptospires in their urine after recovery from illness and there are reports showing development of asymptomatic leptospiuria in settings of high disease transmission.…”

Section: Leptospirosis Chronic Carrier and Ckdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis Renal Disease: Emerging Culprit of Chronic Kidney Disease Unknown Etiology

Yang¹

2017

Nephron

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Leptospirosis is the most prevalent zoonosis affecting more than 1 million populations worldwide. Interestingly, leptospirosis endemic regions coincide with chronic kidney disease (CKD) hotspots largely due to flooding and agricultural overlaps. Acute leptospirosis induces multiple organ dysfunction including acute kidney injury and may predispose to CKD and end-stage renal disease, if not treated timely. Asymptomatic infection may carry the bacteria in the kidney and CKD progresses insidiously. Histologic finding of leptospirosis renal disease includes tubulointerstitial nephritis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. Proximal tubule dysfunction and hypokalemia are observed in adult male workers with leptospirosis, a characteristic similarity to CKD unknown etiology (CKDu). CKDu is a form of CKD that is not attributable to traditional risk factors clustering in agricultural communities affecting young male farmers. Kidney pathology shows a chronic tubulointerstitial disease. CKDu is being reported as an endemic nephropathy across the globe. Recent surveys suggest that asymptomatic leptospira renal colonization is an overlooked risk for renal fibrosis and CKDu. Population with anti-leptospira seropositivity is associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate in endemic regions and carrier may progress to CKD. Leptospirosis has been considered as a risk factor for CKDu in Sri Lanka and in Mesoamerican area. Sugarcane workers in Nicaragua showed increased anti-leptospira seropositivity and higher urinary biomarkers for kidney injury. Emerging evidence with signs of infection were reported in these endemic population, indicating that leptospira exposure could play a role in CKDu as a cause of primary kidney disease or a susceptible factor when secondary injury such as heat stress or dehydration aggravates kidney disease. Therefore, leptospirosis as an emerging culprit of CKDu deserves further in-depth investigation.

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“…In the few studies on Leptospira spp. isolation, the number of isolates is generally low even in large population samples [24]. This is possibly because of the difficulty of isolation that is due to different causes such as: the long incubation period needed by the bacteria, the presence of contaminating microorganisms such as Bacillus spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally, Leptospira isolation from pig urine has only been performed in countries like Brazil [19,27], Tanzania [24] and Thailand [25]. The main objective of this study was to relate the behavior of the reproductive indicators with the presence of Leptospira spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of the Reproductive Indicators by the Presence of Leptospira spp. in Sows of Swine Farms

Ospina-Pinto

Rincón-Pardo

Soler-Tovar

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background:Leptospirosis is a worldwide disease that impacts health, welfare and animal production. Manifestations in swine range from subclinical to severe cases of reproductive failure, generating abortions, embryonic resorption, litters with few piglets, and piglets born weak or dead, which causes great economic losses. Tropical conditions in Colombia favor transmission and maintenance of Leptospira, highlighting the importance of implementing direct diagnostic techniques such as isolation through culture to reach a definitive diagnosis. The objective of the present study was to relate reproductive indicators behavior with the presence of Leptospira spp. in two pig farms in Cundinamarca, Colombia. Materials, Methods & Results:Sows in reproductive stage in two pig farms were selected. A clinical examination of the animals was performed to demonstrate the presence of signs suggestive of Leptospirosis, also the sow records were reviewed to find reports of any of these clinical manifestations, and the average of the reproductive indicators was calculated to set which were altered in the sows. Blood and urine samples were obtained and analyzed by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and isolation through culture, respectively. Among the altered reproductive indicators were identified: total pigs born (TPB) in 72.5%, stillbirths (SB) by 70%, mummified pigs (MUM) in a 52.5%, pre-weaning death (PWD) by 40% and the 24 h mortality (M24h) in the 20%. The 77.5% of the sows were positive by MAT. The predominant serovars of Leptospira spp. included Grippotyphosa (67.5%), Canicola (22.5%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (20%), Hardjo (17.5%) and Pomona (12.5%). The bacterium was isolated in 32.5% of the analyzed urine samples. There is increased risk of alteration in the indicators M24h (1.27), TPB (1.08), SB (1.15) and MUM (1.27) with the presence of Leptospira by isolation through culture. Discussion: The birth of weak piglets and the alteration of indicators such as SB were the most common findings in this study, which are of the major alterations caused by the bacteria because Leptospira can be located in the uterus. Positive cultures, 32.5% (13/40), indicate a high percentage of positive animals in the population. The total of positive culture results reveal that humans, pigs and other animal species from the farms and surrounding areas, are at risk of exposure to the bacteria, because these positive sows are eliminating the microorganism through urine to the environment, representing a problem for public health. This is why it is important to perform the identification of bacteria in urine. It establishes whether the animal is a carrier, although the non-detection of the microorganism in the urine does not rule out that this is a chronic renal carrier because it may indicate that at the moment of the test the animal was not excreting detectable amounts of the bacteria. The total of positive sera (77.5%) indicates a high seropositivity of swine leptospirosis in the population. Regarding serovars of Leptospira spp. identified, Grip...

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Molecular detection and isolation of pathogenic Leptospira from asymptomatic humans, domestic animals and water sources in Nan province, a rural area of Thailand

Cited by 48 publications

References 32 publications

Leptospira diversity in animals and humans in Tahiti, French Polynesia

Leptospira diversity in animals and humans in Tahiti, French Polynesia

Leptospirosis Renal Disease: Emerging Culprit of Chronic Kidney Disease Unknown Etiology

Alteration of the Reproductive Indicators by the Presence of Leptospira spp. in Sows of Swine Farms

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