Molecular detection and characterization of Influenza ‘C’ viruses from western India

Potdar, Varsha; Hinge, Dilip; Dakhave, Minal; Manchanda, Ayush; Jadhav, Nandadeep J.; Kulkarni, P. B.; Chadha, Mandeep S.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.005

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The eppendorf tubes were transported to the laboratory for identification of the mites and further testing. Mites were mounted in Hoyers medium, examined under the microscope and identified up to species level using standard taxonomical keys [20]. The chigger index (average number of chiggers per rodent) was estimated [21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus in children admitted to a tertiary centre and its surrounding districts in South India: a case control study

et al. 2019

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Background Scrub typhus is a mite borne zoonosis common in the tropics with no good preventive strategy. Children are also affected leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. We conducted a case control study and a vector survey to determine the risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus. Methods A case control study with a 1:2 case control ratio was conducted over a 2 year period at a tertiary care centre and its surrounding districts in South India. Cases were children < 15 years with confirmed scrub typhus. Controls were age and locality matched community controls without fever. Demographic, environmental and behavioural risk factors were obtained in cases and controls by an interview and an environmental survey. A vector survey was also undertaken in the immediate vicinity of the cases. Results Case Control study: 101 cases and 167 controls were analysed. On multivariate analysis, significant association was observed with environmental factors such as the presence of a water body within 100 m of the house (OR 3.56(1.36,9.75); p 0.011), cooking outside the house (OR 5.61 (1.51,23.01); p 0.011), owning pets (OR 3.33(1.16,9.09); p 0.031), and the presence of bushes within 5 m of the house (OR 2.78 (1.11,7.69); p 0.033). Of the behavioural factors, the child going to school by a vehicle (OR 3.12 (2.29,8.37); p 0.006) was associated with an increased risk. Drying clothes on a clothesline showed a trend towards protection from acquiring scrub typhus (OR 0.31 (0.08, 1.08); p 0.077). Vector survey:26 rodents were trapped in as many houses. Trombiculid mites were isolated in 24 houses with 9(34.6%) being able to transmit scrub typhus. 254 trombiculid mites belonging to four species and two genera were collected. Leptotrombidium deliense, (33.5%). Schoengastiella ligula, (11.0%) of the total mite specimens collected. S. ligula always co-existed with L. deliense. The estimated Chigger index for Leptotrombidium deliense and Schoengastiella ligula was 3.27and 1.08 per animal respectively. Conclusions Our study highlights risk factors for scrub typhus, some of which may be modifiable. A clean peri-domestic environment free of vegetation, drying clothes on a clothesline and cooking indoors may decrease the risk of scrub typhus.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus in children admitted to a tertiary centre and its surrounding districts in South India: a case control study

et al. 2019

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“…Population immunity may contribute to the variability of ICV. Substantial antigenic and genetic diversity exists among ICV isolates; there are six genetic lineages representing six antigenic groups of HEF, with two major genetic lineages of the internal genes [56][57][58][59][60]87,[105][106][107][108][109][110][111]. Elegant longitudinal studies in Japan that compared the antigenic and genetic character of circulating isolates with concurrent serology showed periodic epidemics of ICV every few years.…”

Section: Seasonalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza C Virus

Sederdahl

Williams

2020

Viruses

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Influenza C virus (ICV) is a common yet under-recognized cause of acute respiratory illness. ICV seropositivity has been found to be as high as 90% by 7-10 years of age, suggesting that most people are exposed to ICV at least once during childhood. Due to difficulty detecting ICV by cell culture, epidemiologic studies of ICV likely have underestimated the burden of ICV infection and disease. Recent development of highly sensitive RT-PCR has facilitated epidemiologic studies that provide further insights into the prevalence, seasonality, and course of ICV infection. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ICV.

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“…HEF belonging to both C/Kanagawa and C/Sao Paulo was sequenced in 37/70 samples, which include both inpatient and outpatient cases [131]. Similarly, ICV strains from India isolated between 2009-2015, showed close phylogeny of HEF with Sao Paulo and Kanagawa lineages whereas PB2, PB1, M, and NS clustered with C/Yamagata and P3, and NP clustered with C/Mississippi lineages, respectively [132]. Another study from Singapore indicated that ICV strains isolated in 2006 belonged to the C/Kanagawa lineage [133].…”

Section: Phylodynamics Of Seven-segmented Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses—A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D

et al. 2021

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Other than genome structure, influenza C (ICV), and D (IDV) viruses with seven-segmented genomes are biologically different from the eight-segmented influenza A (IAV), and B (IBV) viruses concerning the presence of hemagglutinin–esterase fusion protein, which combines the function of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase responsible for receptor-binding, fusion, and receptor-destroying enzymatic activities, respectively. Whereas ICV with humans as primary hosts emerged nearly 74 years ago, IDV, a distant relative of ICV, was isolated in 2011, with bovines as the primary host. Despite its initial emergence in swine, IDV has turned out to be a transboundary bovine pathogen and a broader host range, similar to influenza A viruses (IAV). The receptor specificities of ICV and IDV determine the host range and the species specificity. The recent findings of the presence of the IDV genome in the human respiratory sample, and high traffic human environments indicate its public health significance. Conversely, the presence of ICV in pigs and cattle also raises the possibility of gene segment interactions/virus reassortment between ICV and IDV where these viruses co-exist. This review is a holistic approach to discuss the ecology of seven-segmented influenza viruses by focusing on what is known so far on the host range, seroepidemiology, biology, receptor, phylodynamics, species specificity, and cross-species transmission of the ICV and IDV.

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Molecular detection and characterization of Influenza ‘C’ viruses from western India

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus in children admitted to a tertiary centre and its surrounding districts in South India: a case control study

Risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus in children admitted to a tertiary centre and its surrounding districts in South India: a case control study

Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza C Virus

Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses—A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D

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