Molecular definition of the extreme size polymorphism in apolipoprotein(a)

Lackner, Carolin; Cohen, Jonathan C.; Hobbs, Helen H.

doi:10.1093/hmg/2.7.933

Cited by 310 publications

(212 citation statements)

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“…[11][12][13][14] The apolipoprotein(a) kringle IV (KIV) repeat polymorphism (38 known alleles) that generates apolipoprotein(a) molecules ranging from 250 to 800 kDa appears to determine about half of the variability of Lp(a) serum levels, with an inverse relationship between the number of KIV repeats and Lp(a) serum concentration. 15,16 However, the variability of Lp(a) concentration is high, particularly in carriers of a low number of KIV repeats, ranging from 0 to Ͼ200 mg/dL.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Polymorphisms of the Apolipoprotein(a) Gene With Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Myocardial Infarction

Holmer¹,

Hengstenberg²,

Kraft³

et al. 2003

Circulation

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confidence: 99%

Association of Polymorphisms of the Apolipoprotein(a) Gene With Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Myocardial Infarction

Holmer¹,

Hengstenberg²,

Kraft³

et al. 2003

Circulation

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“…The number of K4 type 2 copies is genetically controlled, varies considerably within and among individuals, and accounts for the high degree of apo(a) size heterogeneity. 3,4 More than 34 apo(a) size isoforms have been detected in human plasma, 5 and their distribution significantly varies among ethnic groups. 6,7 The plasma concentration of Lp(a) also shows a high degree of heterogeneity in mean levels and in distribution across populations and is largely genetically controlled in both whites 8 and blacks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish Intake, Independent of Apo(a) Size, Accounts for Lower Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Bantu Fishermen of Tanzania

Marcovina

Kennedy

Bon

et al. 1999

ATVB

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Abstract-Plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels are largely genetically determined by sequences linked to the gene encoding apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], the distinct protein component of Lp(a). Apo(a) is highly polymorphic in length due to variation in the numbers of a sequence encoding the apo(a) kringle 4 domain, and plasma levels of Lp(a) are inversely correlated with apo(a) size. In 2 racially homogeneous Bantu populations from Tanzania differing in their dietary habits, we found that median plasma levels of Lp(a) were 48% lower in those living on a fish diet than in those living on a vegetarian diet. Considering the relationship between apo(a) size and Lp(a) plasma concentration, we have extensively evaluated apo(a) isoform distribution in the 2 populations to determine the impact of apo(a) size in the determination of Lp(a) values. The majority of individuals (82% of the fishermen and 80% of the vegetarians) had 2 expressed apo(a) alleles. Additionally, the fishermen had a high frequency of large apo(a) isoforms, whereas a higher frequency of small isoforms was found in the vegetarians. When subjects from the 2 groups were matched for apo(a) phenotype, the median Lp(a) value was 40% lower in Bantus on the fish diet than in those on the vegetarian diet. A significant inverse relationship was also found between plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and Lp(a) levels (rϭϪ0.24, Pϭ0.01). The results of this study are consistent with the concept that a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and not genetic differences, is responsible for the lower plasma levels of Lp(a) in the fish-eating Bantus and strongly suggest that a sustained fish-based diet is able to lower plasma levels of Lp(a).

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“…Apo (a) is much larger than plasminogen due to the amplification of one of the plasminogen like kringles K1V in apo (a). This is also responsible for the size heterogeneity of apo(a) (7,8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Serum Lp(a) in diabetics with and without evidence of clinical nephropathy—A preliminary study

Kumari

Jayaram

Vincent

et al. 2002

Indian J Clin Biochem

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Type 2 diabetes is associated with a marked increase in the risk of coronary artery disease. Dyslipidaemia is believed to be a major cause of this increased risk. Recently, elevated levels of lipoprotein (a), Lp(a), have been reported to be associated with an increased risk. However there is very little data regarding Lp(a) concentrations and type 2 diabetes from India. The objective of the study was to assess serum Lp(a) levels in type 2 diabetics with and with out evidence of clinical nephropathy. We estimated serum Lp(a) levels in 30 control subjects, 30 diabetics without evidence of clinical nephropathy and 30 diabetics with evidence of clinical nephropathy. Statistical analysis showed that Lp(a) levels were increased in diabetic patients with nephropathy (mean 46.3+_17.6 mg/dl). The Lp(a) levels however did not differ significantly between control (mean 20.2 _+15.9 mg/dl) and diabetics without nephropathy (mean 22.6 +-13.1 mg/dl). Thus diabetes per se seems to have little or no influence on serum Lp(a) levels, however elevated levels were seen in patients with nephropathy.

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Molecular definition of the extreme size polymorphism in apolipoprotein(a)

Cited by 310 publications

References 0 publications

Association of Polymorphisms of the Apolipoprotein(a) Gene With Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Myocardial Infarction

Association of Polymorphisms of the Apolipoprotein(a) Gene With Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Myocardial Infarction

Fish Intake, Independent of Apo(a) Size, Accounts for Lower Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Bantu Fishermen of Tanzania

Serum Lp(a) in diabetics with and without evidence of clinical nephropathy—A preliminary study

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