Molecular control of seasonal flowering in rice, arabidopsis and temperate cereals

Shrestha, Roshi; Gómez-Ariza, Jorge; Brambilla, Vittoria; Fornara, Fabio

doi:10.1093/aob/mcu032

Cited by 209 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(228 reference statements)

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“…As CO-dependent regulation of FT is well conserved in other plant species (Shrestha et al, 2014;Song et al, 2015), regulation of CO activity is the important mechanism for controlling flowering time. For instance, in the short-day plant, rice (Oryza sativa), the CO ortholog, Heading date1 (Hd1), functions as both activator and repressor of rice FT, Heading date 3a (Hd3a).…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Clock and Photoperiodic Flowering in Arabidopsis: CONSTANS Is a Hub for Signal Integration

2016

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Plants sense changes in day length (= photoperiod) as a reliable seasonal cue to regulate important developmental transitions such as flowering. Integration of various external light information into the circadian clock-controlled mechanisms enables plants to precisely measure photoperiod changes in the surrounding environment. The core mechanism of photoperiodic measurement is regulation of CONSTANS (CO) activity, which takes place in phloem companion cells in leaves. Until recently, it remained unclear whether plants possess specific variations of the clock for this regulation. Now it is known that a specific circadian timing mechanism in the vascular tissue is essential for photoperiodic flowering. In addition to spatial tissue-specific regulation, temporal regulation of CO activity is also important. The identification and characterization of multiple regulators that physically interact with CO and influence its function in the morning in long days are two recent advances in photoperiodic regulation of flowering time. It seems that CO acts as a network hub to integrate various external and internal signals into the photoperiodic flowering pathway. CO regulates the amount of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) transcripts and FT protein moves from companion cells of leaf phloem to the shoot apical meristem. The protein that helps long-distance transport of FT protein was also identified recently. Here, we introduce recent advances in tissue-specific variations of the circadian clock and the emerging picture of the intricate connections of transcriptional regulators through CO in the morning, which all facilitate plants knowing when to flower.Properly timing the floral transition is crucial for reproductive success. It can also influence the early development of offspring. To optimize this timing, plants constantly monitor changes in the surrounding environment. Among various environmental factors, observing changes in day length (= photoperiod) is the most reliable way for many organisms to know the specific time of year. Therefore, photoperiodic regulation is one of the major flowering time mechanisms and it has been studied since it was first reported in 1920 (Song et al., 2015). Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), as it flowers mainly in spring, can sense lengthening days to induce flowering and became a suitable model to study photoperiodic flowering regulation. (Andrés and Coupland, 2012;Song et al., 2013;Pajoro et al., 2014;Shim and Imaizumi, 2015).In principle, photoperiodic flowering mechanisms can be divided into three parts: light input, circadian clock, and output. Light information is integrated into innate photoperiodic timing mechanisms governed by the circadian clock to induce genes that trigger flowering.

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Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Clock and Photoperiodic Flowering in Arabidopsis: CONSTANS Is a Hub for Signal Integration

2016

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“…Significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying flowering time have been made, primarily from studies in Arabidopsis and rice (Shrestha et al ., 2014; Blümel et al ., 2015). By contrast, the genetic control of flowering time in maize has been less extensively studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic architecture of leaf number and its genetic relationship to flowering time in maize

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2015

New Phytologist

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Summary The number of leaves and their distributions on plants are critical factors determining plant architecture in maize (Zea mays), and leaf number is frequently used as a measure of flowering time, a trait that is key to local environmental adaptation.Here, using a large set of 866 maize‐teosinte BC 2S3 recombinant inbred lines genotyped by using 19 838 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, we conducted a comprehensive genetic dissection to assess the genetic architecture of leaf number and its genetic relationship to flowering time.We demonstrated that the two components of total leaf number, the number of leaves above (LA) and below (LB) the primary ear, were under relatively independent genetic control and might be subject to differential directional selection during maize domestication and improvement. Furthermore, we revealed that flowering time and leaf number are commonly regulated at a moderate level. The pleiotropy of the genes ZCN8, dlf1 and ZmCCT on leaf number and flowering time were validated by near‐isogenic line analysis. Through fine mapping, qLA1‐1, a major‐effect locus that specifically affects LA, was delimited to a region with severe recombination suppression derived from teosinte.This study provides important insights into the genetic basis of traits affecting plant architecture and adaptation. The genetic independence of LA from LB enables the optimization of leaf number for ideal plant architecture breeding in maize.

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“…The plant circadian system consists of biochemical timing mechanisms that temporarily modulate the function of several signalling pathways to measures changes in day-length and promote suitable timing of flowering to maximize reproductive success [2,3,6,7,9,10,[13][14][15]21,24,26,28,29,31,36,38,41,42,46,48,49,[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]. The photoperiod response on flowering time varies among grasses.…”

Section: Circadian Clock and Photoperiod Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat are LD plants, while rice and sorghum are SD plants [52]. Flowering is regulated through the CO and FT genes [66]. GI plays an important role in regulating the circadian clock and flowering, promoting CO gene expression and light response.…”

Section: Circadian Clock and Photoperiod Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mutation in OsGI reduced photoperiod sensitivity in rice [36] and affected the expression of LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and several PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes. However, PRR37 expression was not affected in the osgi mutant, suggesting independent control of heading date by these factors [66]. Hd1 is predominantly regulated by the circadian clock through OsGIGANTEA (OsGI) [64] and possesses two contrasting functions in the regulation of the rice ortholog of Arabidopsis FT gene, Hd3a.…”

Section: Circadian Clock and Photoperiod Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Regulation of Flowering Time in Grasses

Nuñez

Yamada

2017

Agronomy

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Flowering time is a key target trait for extending the vegetative phase to increase biomass in bioenergy crops such as perennial C 4 grasses. Molecular genetic studies allow the identification of genes involved in the control of flowering in different species. Some regulatory factors of the Arabidopsis pathway are conserved in other plant species such as grasses. However, differences in the function of particular genes confer specific responses to flowering. One of the major pathways is photoperiod regulation, based on the interaction of the circadian clock and environmental light signals.Depending on their requirements for day-length plants can be classified as long-day (LD), short-day (SD), and day-neutral. The CONSTANS (CO) and Heading Date 1 (Hd1), orthologos genes, are central regulators in the flowering of Arabidopsis and rice, LD and SD plants, respectively. Additionally, Early heading date 1 (Ehd1) induces the expression of Heading date 3a (Hd3a), conferring SD promotion and controls Rice Flowering Locus T 1 (RFT1) in LD conditions, independently of Hd1. Nevertheless, the mechanisms promoting flowering in perennial bioenergy crops are poorly understood. Recent progress on the regulatory network of important gramineous crops and components involved in flowering control will be discussed.

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Molecular control of seasonal flowering in rice, arabidopsis and temperate cereals

Cited by 209 publications

References 126 publications

Circadian Clock and Photoperiodic Flowering in Arabidopsis: CONSTANS Is a Hub for Signal Integration

Circadian Clock and Photoperiodic Flowering in Arabidopsis: CONSTANS Is a Hub for Signal Integration

The genetic architecture of leaf number and its genetic relationship to flowering time in maize

Molecular Regulation of Flowering Time in Grasses

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