Molecular Control of Expression of Penicillin Biosynthesis Genes in Fungi: Regulatory Proteins Interact with a Bidirectional Promoter Region

Martı́n, Juan F.

doi:10.1128/jb.182.9.2355-2362.2000

Cited by 90 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…A single consensus sequence for the PacC transcription factor was also present in the region (contig 119; 4,350 bp). Multiple copies of the PacC recognition site are usually present when PacC regulates a gene (23), so the importance of PacC as a regulator of ZEA production is likely to be less than that of other regulatory proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Two Polyketide Synthase Genes Involved in Zearalenone Biosynthesis in Gibberella zeae

Gaffoor¹,

Trail

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

193

143

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Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium spp., is most commonly found as a contaminant in stored grain and has chronic estrogenic effects on mammals. Zearalenone is a polyketide derived from the sequential condensation of multiple acetate units by a polyketide synthase (PKS), but the genetics of its biosynthesis are not understood. We cloned two genes, designated ZEA1 and ZEA2, which encode polyketide synthases that participate in the biosynthesis of zearalenone by Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum). Disruption of either gene resulted in the loss of zearalenone production under inducing conditions. ZEA1 and ZEA2 are transcribed divergently from a common promoter region. Quantitative PCR analysis of both PKS genes and six flanking genes supports the view that the two polyketide synthases make up the core biosynthetic unit for zearalenone biosynthesis. An appreciation of the genetics of zearalenone biosynthesis is needed to understand how zearalenone is synthesized under field conditions that result in the contamination of grain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Two Polyketide Synthase Genes Involved in Zearalenone Biosynthesis in Gibberella zeae

Gaffoor¹,

Trail

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

193

143

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“…Several transcriptional regulators have been implicated in the transcription of pcbAB, pcbC and penDE in P. chrysogenum 38 . No penicillin-specific transcriptional regulator has been identified, although strong effects were reported from an enhancer sequence in the upstream region of pcbAB 39 and chromatin modulation 40 .…”

Section: Microbodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum

et al. 2008

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“…Filamentous fungi are well-known producers of antibiotics, mycotoxins, pigments and other secondary metabolites (Martín, 2000;Keller et al, 2005). Sequencing of the genome of several fungi, including Aspergillus niger (Galagan et al, 2005), Aspergillus fumigatus (Nierman et al, 2005), Aspergillus oryzae (Machida et al, 2005) and Penicillium chrysogenum (M. A. van den Berg and others, unpublished) has revealed an impressive wealth of secondary metabolite gene clusters (Zhang et al, 2004;Hoffmeister & Keller, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The heterotrimeric Gα protein Pga1 regulates biosynthesis of penicillin, chrysogenin and roquefortine in Penicillium chrysogenum

et al. 2008

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We have studied the role of the pga1 gene of Penicillium chrysogenum, encoding the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein, in secondary metabolite production. The dominant activating pga1 G42R mutation caused an increase in the production of the three secondary metabolites penicillin, the yellow pigment chrysogenin and the mycotoxin roquefortine, whereas the dominant inactivating pga1 G203R allele and the deletion of the pga1 gene resulted in a decrease of the amount of produced penicillin and roquefortine. Chrysogenin is produced in solid medium as a yellow pigment, and its biosynthesis is clearly enhanced by the presence of the dominant activating pga1 G42R allele. Roquefortine is produced associated with mycelium during the first 3 days in submerged cultures, and is released to the medium afterwards; dominant activating and inactivating pga1 mutations result in upregulation and downregulation of roquefortine biosynthesis recpectively. Pga1 regulates penicillin biosynthesis by controlling expression of the penicillin biosynthetic genes; the three genes pcbAB, pcbC and penDE showed elevated transcript levels in transformants expressing the pga1 G42R allele, whereas in transformants with the inactivating pga1 G203R allele and in the pga1-deleted mutant their transcript levels were lower than those in the parental strains. Increase of intracellular cAMP levels had no effect on penicillin production. In summary, the dominant activating pga1 G42R allele upregulates the biosynthesis of three secondary metabolites in Penicillium chrysogenum to a different extent.

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Molecular Control of Expression of Penicillin Biosynthesis Genes in Fungi: Regulatory Proteins Interact with a Bidirectional Promoter Region

Cited by 90 publications

References 97 publications

Characterization of Two Polyketide Synthase Genes Involved in Zearalenone Biosynthesis in Gibberella zeae

Characterization of Two Polyketide Synthase Genes Involved in Zearalenone Biosynthesis in Gibberella zeae

Genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum

The heterotrimeric Gα protein Pga1 regulates biosynthesis of penicillin, chrysogenin and roquefortine in Penicillium chrysogenum

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