Bacillus subtilis recombination-deficient mutants were constructed by inserting a selectable marker (cat gene) into the yppB and ypbC coding regions. TheyppB:cat and ypbC:catnull alleles rendered cells sensitive to DNA-damaging agents, impaired plasmid transformation (25- and 100-fold), and moderately affected chromosomal transformation when present in an otherwise Rec+
B. subtilis strain. The yppBgene complemented the defect of the recG40 strain.yppB and ypbC and their respective null alleles were termed “recU” and “recU1” (recU:cat) and “recS” and “recS1” (recS:cat), respectively. The recU and recS mutations were introduced into rec-deficient strains representative of the α (recF), β (addA5 addB72), γ (recH342), and ɛ (recG40) epistatic groups. The recU mutation did not modify the sensitivity ofrecH cells to DNA-damaging agents, but it did affect inter- and intramolecular recombination in recH cells. TherecS mutation did not modify the sensitivity ofaddAB cells to DNA-damaging agents, and it marginally affected recF, recH, and recUcells. The recS mutation markedly reduced (about 250-fold) intermolecular recombination in recH cells, and there were reductions of 10- to 20-fold in recF, addAB, and recU cells. Intramolecular recombination was blocked inrecS recF, recS addAB, and recS recU cells. RecU and RecS have no functional counterparts inEscherichia coli. Altogether, these data indicate that therecU and recS proteins are required for DNA repair and intramolecular recombination and that the recF(α epistatic group), addAB (β), recH (γ),recU (ɛ), and recS genes provide overlapping activities that compensate for the effects of single mutation. We tentatively placed recS within a new group, termed “ζ.”