Molecular cloning and genetic analysis of an indole‐diterpene gene cluster from <i>Penicillium paxilli</i>

Young, Carolyn A.; McMillan, Lisa K.; Telfer, Emily; Scott, Barry

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02265.x

Cited by 146 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(63 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

166

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, additional genes such as paxD and paxO, the gene products of which are similar to dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases and oxidoreductases, respectively, exist in the flanking region of the paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster (Young et al 2001). In particular, the paxD gene is located just next to the paxQ gene, which catalyzes the hydroxylation of 13-desoxypaxilline to give paxilline.…”

Section: Functional Analysis Of Paxdmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Functional analysis of a prenyltransferase gene (paxD) in the paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster

Liu

Noike

Minami

et al. 2013

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Paxilline is an indole diterpene produced by Penicillium paxilli. Six genes (paxB, C, G, M, P, and Q) in paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster were previously shown to be responsible for paxilline biosynthesis. In this study, we have characterized paxD, which is located next to paxQ and has weak similarities to fungal dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase genes. PaxD was overexpressed in E. coli and the purified enzyme was used for in vitro analysis. When paxilline and dimethylallyl diphosphate were used as substrates, one major and one minor product, which were identified as di-prenyl paxilline and mono-prenyl paxilline by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, were formed. The structure of the major product was determined to be 21,22-diprenylated paxilline, showing that PaxD catalyzed the successive di-prenylation. Traces of both products were detected in culture broth of P. paxilli by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The enzyme is likely to be a dimer and required no divalent cations. The optimum pH and temperature were 8.0 and 37°C, respectively. The Km values were calculated as 106.4 ± 5.4 µM for paxilline and 0.57 ± 0.02 µM for DMAPP with a kcat of 0.97 ± 0.01/sec.

show abstract

Section: Functional Analysis Of Paxdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They first identified 17 clustered genes in a genomic locus (Young et al 2001). They later showed that paxG, paxM, paxB, and paxC were required for paspaline biosynthesis by expression of these genes in a mutant deleted for the pax gene cluster (Saikia et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional analysis of a prenyltransferase gene (paxD) in the paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster

Liu

Noike

Minami

et al. 2013

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Tudzynski et al (1999) also cloned a gene (DMATS) of C. purpurea involved in the ergot synthetic pathway in planta. Young et al (1999) found in Epichloë a cluster containing genes for the synthesis of mycotoxins like paxiline and lolitrem B.…”

Section: Effects On the Host Plant Physiology With Impact On Insect Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants

Azevedo¹,

Maccheroni²,

Pereira³

et al. 2000

Electron. J. Biotechnol.

533

317

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the past two decades, a great deal of information on the role of endophytic microorganisms in nature has been collected. The capability of colonizing internal host tissues has made endophytes valuable for agriculture as a tool to improve crop performance. In this review, we addressed the major topics concerning the control of insects-pests by endophytic microorganisms. Several examples of insect control are described, notably those involving the interactions between fungi and grazing grasses from temperate countries. The mechanisms by which endophytic fungi control insect attacks are listed and include toxin production as well as the influence of these compounds on plant and livestock and how their production may be affected by genetic and environmental conditions. The importance of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi for insect control is also addressed. As the literature has shown, there is a lack of information on endophytes from tropical hosts, which are more severely affected by pests and diseases. The natural and biological control of pests and diseases affecting cultivated plants has gained much attention in the past decades as a way of reducing the use of chemical products in agriculture. Biological control has been frequently used in Brazil, supported by the development of basic and applied research on this field not only in our country but also in South America as it can be found in several reviews (Lecuona, 1996;Alves, 1998;Melo and Azevedo, 1998). In fact, by having vast agriculturable areas and most of its territory in the tropical region, Brazil and all Latin America, show their agriculture severely affected by agricultural pests. The use of agrochemicals, although decreasing the attack of insects and phytopathogenic microorganisms, still represents a high risk to field workers and consumers. In addition, their use is, in certain cases, economically unviable. The control of pests and diseases by means of biological processes i. e., use of entomopathogenic microorganisms or those that inhibit/antagonise other microorganisms pathogenic to plants, is an alternative that may contribute to reduce or eliminate the use of chemical products in agriculture.

show abstract

“…These results suggest that clustering of metabolic genes might facilitate fungal adaptation to changing environments both through the acquisition and loss of metabolic capacities. F ungal genes involved in successive steps of a pathway are frequently physically clustered (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Evolutionary analysis of several different fungal gene clusters has shown that they have originated through different mechanisms (13)(14)(15)(16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple GAL pathway gene clusters evolved independently and by different mechanisms in fungi

Slot

Rokas

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

145

158

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A notable characteristic of fungal genomes is that genes involved in successive steps of a metabolic pathway are often physically linked or clustered. To investigate how such clusters of functionally related genes are assembled and maintained, we examined the evolution of gene sequences and order in the galactose utilization (GAL) pathway in whole-genome data from 80 diverse fungi. We found that GAL gene clusters originated independently and by different mechanisms in three unrelated yeast lineages. Specifically, the GAL cluster found in Saccharomyces and Candida yeasts originated through the relocation of native unclustered genes, whereas the GAL cluster of Schizosaccharomyces yeasts was acquired through horizontal gene transfer from a Candida yeast. In contrast, the GAL cluster of Cryptococcus yeasts was assembled independently from the Saccharomyces/Candida and Schizosaccharomyces GAL clusters and coexists in the Cryptococcus genome with unclustered GAL paralogs. These independently evolved GAL clusters represent a striking example of analogy at the genomic level. We also found that species with GAL clusters exhibited significantly higher rates of GAL pathway loss than species with unclustered GAL genes. These results suggest that clustering of metabolic genes might facilitate fungal adaptation to changing environments both through the acquisition and loss of metabolic capacities. F ungal genes involved in successive steps of a pathway are frequently physically clustered (1-12). Evolutionary analysis of several different fungal gene clusters has shown that they have originated through different mechanisms (13-16). For example, the DAL cluster for allantoin utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and close relatives originated through adaptive gene relocation (13), whereas a nitrate assimilation cluster in Trichoderma originated through horizontal gene transfer (14). However, it is unclear how these mechanisms shape the assembly of gene clusters, or how the evolutionary trajectories differ between species containing clusters and species in which the genes in a pathway are scattered across the genome.To better understand the origins and maintenance of gene clusters over a large evolutionary timescale and a range of ecological conditions, we investigated the evolution of the Leloir galactose utilization (GAL) pathway in fungi. The detailed knowledge on GAL pathway function in S. cerevisiae (15, 16), and the abundance of genomic data from a wide diversity of fungal species (17), make it an excellent model pathway to address these questions. Furthermore, the relative galactose content varies substantially among different plant substrata (from hundreds of mg/g legume seeds and algal mats to less than 1 mg/g in some fruits) (18-21), suggesting that the natural substrates of fungi have likely provided ample opportunity for populations to evolve niche-dependent adaptations for galactose utilization.The protein products of three GAL genes (GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10) are involved in four enzymatic steps (22). In the first s...

show abstract

Molecular cloning and genetic analysis of an indole‐diterpene gene cluster from Penicillium paxilli

Cited by 146 publications

References 45 publications

Functional analysis of a prenyltransferase gene (paxD) in the paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster

Functional analysis of a prenyltransferase gene (paxD) in the paxilline biosynthetic gene cluster

Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants

Multiple GAL pathway gene clusters evolved independently and by different mechanisms in fungi

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About