Molecular cloning and characterization of hagfish estrogen receptors

Molecular cloning of ESR2 and gene expression analysis of ESR1 and ESR2 in the pituitary gland of the Chinese alligator ( Alligator sinensis ) during female reproductive cycle

“…Higher expression levels of both ESR genes in the tissues (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonad and liver) of male and female alligators that agreed with the results previously found in the killifish, cod, hagfish, four-striped rat snake, pigeon, European starling and rat (Kuiper et al, 1997;Bernard et al, 1999;Katsu et al, 2010;Nagasawa et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2014;Cotter et al, 2015;Nishimiya et al, 2016). The ESRs mRNA levels in the lung, kidney and pancreas were low.…”

A Review on Sex Steroid Hormone Estrogen Receptors in Mammals and Fish

“…Estrogen receptors are established in several reproductive target tissues, which include uterus and mammary glands of animals and oviduct and liver of oviparous species. Nevertheless, estrogen receptors may also be present in tissues outside the reproductive system [19,20]. Estrogen receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors [21].…”

“…An examination of the receptor's mechanism of exploit began ultimately after it was first cloned [18,22,23]. In the beginning, it was assumed that there was only one form of the estrogen receptor, but a second form from a distinct gene was momentarily cloned and named estrogen receptor β (ERβ) [20,24]. e estrogen receptor α (ERα) was the first estrogen receptor that was characterized and used as an indicator for diagnosis and handling of breast cancer [1,18,20,25].…”

“…In the beginning, it was assumed that there was only one form of the estrogen receptor, but a second form from a distinct gene was momentarily cloned and named estrogen receptor β (ERβ) [20,24]. e estrogen receptor α (ERα) was the first estrogen receptor that was characterized and used as an indicator for diagnosis and handling of breast cancer [1,18,20,25]. e estrogen receptor β which is generally referred to as ERβ was discovered in the middle of the 1990s [23,26].…”

“…e ERα is mostly expressed in the uterus, liver, kidney, and heart, while ERβ is mainly in the ovaries, lung, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and hematopoietic and essential nervous system [20,30]. Estrogen signaling plays a vital role in several processes of physiology that include regulation of improvement, development, and function in numerous organ classifications in the body [31].…”