Molecular characterization of the purity of seven human chromosome-specific DNA libraries

Abstract

We have characterized at the molecular level seven chromosome-specific libraries constructed in phage λ Charon 21A from flow-sorted human chromosomes. The purity of libraries prepared from chromosomes sorted from hamster × human cells was estimated by species-specific hybridization and ranged from 48% to 83% of clones containing human inserts. Among libraries of chromosomes from human cells, mass screenings were made for repetitive sequences and 20 clones from the # 18 and # 20 libraries were analyzed in detail. Ten to fifteen percent of all clones contain sequences which can be mapped; 80 100% of these derive from the intended chromosome of origin, demonstrating very high purity and a 35 × enrichment of chromosome-specific sequences over a total genomic library. The two libraries contain a high, though dissimilar, percent of repeat-containing clones; the # 18 library has 55% repetitive clones and the # 20 library 85%. This dissimilarity may be due to a difference in insert size distribution, since the # 18 library has smaller inserts than the # 20. This could be caused by variation in extent of digestion of insert DNA and/or differences in sequence organization between the two chromosomes. A method more sensitive than conventional plaque-lift screening was used to detect repetitive inserts; in this way nearly all repetitive clones could be eliminated before purification of their DNAs.

Exercise Training in Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

“…The search resulted in 34 articles presenting the findings of 29 trials, including 9 uncontrolled trials (9/29, 31%) [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15], 7 controlled trials (7/29, 24%) [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23], and 13 RCTs (13/29, 45%) [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. …”

“…Seven controlled trials [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23] involved a treatment (i.e. exercise) and a control (i.e.…”

“…Age of the sample was expressed as mean ± SD in 10 trials (10/29, 34%) [18,19,20,21,22,23, 27, 28, 33, 34, 38] in which mean age ranged from 36 ± 3 to 60 ± 17 [27, 38]. In 18 trials (18/29, 62%) that presented an age range [5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,24,25,26,29,30,31,32,35,36,37], the youngest and eldest patients enrolled were 19 years [24,25,26] and 84 years [12], respectively.…”

“…The majority of interventions extended for 3–6 months [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,19,20,21,22,27,28,29,31,32,33,34,35, 37], with 3 trials of shorter duration [23, 30, 38] and 4 trials of longer duration [5, 6, 17,24,25,26, 36]. Kouidi et al [36] have conducted the longest trial to date (4 years).…”

“…Nineteen trials (19/29, 66%) involved aerobic training as the sole exercise modality [5,6,7,8, 11,15,16,17,18,19,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, 34, 37, 38]. Cycle ergometer training, walking/jogging, aerobics, calisthenics, swimming, and ball games were reported among these trials.…”