Molecular Characterization of Noroviruses and Rotaviruses Involved in a Large Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in Northern Italy

Bartolo, Ilaria Di; Monini, Marina; Losio, Marina Nadia; Pavoni, Enrico; Llombart‐Bosch, Antonio; Ruggeri, Franco Maria

doi:10.1128/aem.00278-11

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with previous studies that detected NoV GI.4 in influent and effluent wastewaters in Japan (Iwai et al, 2009;Kitajima et al, 2012) and a river catchment in Spain (Pérez-Sautu et al, 2012). It has also been reported that NoV GI.4 was the most frequently identified genotype in a large gastroenteritis outbreak of suspected waterborne transmission in Northern Italy (Di Bartoloa et al, 2011) and in a large foodborne outbreak in which more than 200 people were affected by frozen raspberries in Finland (Maunula et al, 2009). (Verhoef et al, 2010) showed that NoV GI.4 along with GI.2 were more frequently detected in foodborne outbreaks than in those transmitted via person-to-person.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Characterisation of norovirus contamination in an Irish shellfishery using real-time RT-qPCR and sequencing analysis

Rajko-Nenow

Keaveney

Flannery

et al. 2012

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Characterisation of norovirus contamination in an Irish shellfishery using real-time RT-qPCR and sequencing analysis

Rajko-Nenow

Keaveney

Flannery

et al. 2012

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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“…VP7, VP4, and possibly NSP4, and VP6 encoding segments) may be of great value in monitoring the presence of emerging or uncommon rotavirus types circulating in a population, which are not yet but might subsequently get involved in symptomatic cases and epidemics. Similarly, environmental rotavirus genotyping may help identify the source of rotaviruses linked to epidemic outbreaks of disease [50]. However, due to the segmented nature of the genome it may not be possible to identify the whole genomic/antigenic formula of any rotavirus strains in sewage or water samples, possibly contaminated with multiple virus types deriving from an entire human or animal community [50,51].…”

Section: Rotavirus and The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, several studies suggest that both surface waters and some foodstuff can be massively contaminated with a multiplicity of viruses of human and/or animal origin, also including rotavirus, thus posing the conditions for triggering an outbreak [50,[54][55][56].…”

Section: Rotavirus Epidemic Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Ruggeri

Fiore

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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Abstract. Rotavirus and poliovirus are paradigmatic viruses for causing major diseases affecting the human population. The impact of poliovirus is remarkably diminished because of vaccination during the last half century. Poliomyelitis due to wild polio currently affects a limited number of countries, and since 2000 sporadic outbreaks have been associated to neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses. Conversely, rotavirus is presently very diffuse, accounting for the largest fraction of severe gastroenteritis among children <5 years-old. Vaccination towards rotavirus is still in its dawn, and zoonotic strains contribute to the emergence and evolution of novel strains pathogenic to man. The environment, particularly surface water, is a possible vehicle for large transmission of both viruses, but environmental surveillance of circulating strains can help promptly monitor entry of new virulent strains into a country, their shedding and spread.Key words: rotavirus, poliovirus, vaccine, waterborne transmission, surveillance. Riassunto (Malattie virali prevenibili con la vaccinazione e rischi associati alla trasmissione idrica).Rotavirus e poliovirus sono virus paradigmatici nel causare malattie importanti della popolazione umana. L'impatto dei poliovirus è diminuito marcatamente durante mezzo secolo di vaccinazione. La poliomielite dovuta a polio selvaggio affligge solo un limitato numero di paesi, e dal 2000 epidemie sporadiche sono state associate a poliovirus nerurovirulenti vaccino-derivati. Al contrario, rotavirus è oggi molto diffuso, essendo implicato nella maggiore parte dei casi di gastroenterite grave nei bambini di meno di 5 anni. La vaccinazione contro i rotavirus è ancora agli albori, e ceppi zoonotici contribuiscono all'emergenza ed evoluzione di nuovi ceppi patogeni per l'uomo. L'ambiente, in particolare le acque superficiali, è un possibile veicolo per la trasmissione di entrambi i virus, ma la sorveglianza ambientale dei ceppi circolanti può aiutare a monitorare prontamente l'ingresso di nuovi ceppi virulenti in un paese, il loro rilascio e diffusione.

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“…However, detection and genotyping of RVA in sewage may be affected by the simultaneous presence of several common or uncommon strains, and the segmented nature of the rotavirus genome may preclude the definite identification of the full genome constellation of RVA detected. Possible RNA inhibitors in environmental samples may also interfere with molecular detection (27,28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus Genotypes in Sewage Treatment Plants and in Children Hospitalized with Acute Diarrhea in Italy in 2010 and 2011

Ruggeri

Bonomo

Ianiro

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Although the molecular surveillance network RotaNet-Italy provides useful nationwide data on rotaviruses causing severe acute gastroenteritis in children in Italy, scarce information is available on rotavirus circulation in the general Italian population, including adults with mild or asymptomatic infection. We investigated the genotypes of rotaviruses present in urban wastewaters and compared them with those of viral strains from clinical pediatric cases. During 2010 and 2011, 285 sewage samples from 4 Italian cities were tested by reverse transcription-PCRs (RT-PCRs) specific for rotavirus VP7 and VP4 genes. Rotavirus was detected in 172 (60.4%) samples, 26 of which contained multiple rotavirus G (VP7 gene) genotypes, for a total of 198 G types. Thirtytwo samples also contained multiple P (VP4 gene) genotypes, yielding 204 P types in 172 samples. Genotype G1 accounted for 65.6% of rotaviruses typed, followed by genotypes G2 (20.2%), G9 (7.6%), G4 (4.6%), G6 (1.0%), G3 (0.5%), and G26 (0.5%). VP4 genotype P[8] accounted for 75.0% of strains, genotype P[4] accounted for 23.0% of strains, and the uncommon genotypes P[6], P[9], P[14], and P[19] accounted for 2.0% of strains altogether. These rotavirus genotypes were also found in pediatric patients hospitalized in the same areas and years but in different proportions. Specifically, genotypes G2, G9, and P[4] were more prevalent in sewage samples than among samples from patients, which suggests either a larger circulation of the latter strains through the general population not requiring medical care or their greater survival in wastewaters. A high level of nucleotide identity in the G1, G2, and G6 VP7 sequences was observed between strains from the environment and those from patients.

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Molecular Characterization of Noroviruses and Rotaviruses Involved in a Large Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in Northern Italy

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Characterisation of norovirus contamination in an Irish shellfishery using real-time RT-qPCR and sequencing analysis

Characterisation of norovirus contamination in an Irish shellfishery using real-time RT-qPCR and sequencing analysis

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Rotavirus Genotypes in Sewage Treatment Plants and in Children Hospitalized with Acute Diarrhea in Italy in 2010 and 2011

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