Molecular Characterization of Moraxella Catarrhalis and it's Antibiotics Susceptibility Patterns from Different Respiratory Tract Infection Patient's Clinical Samples

Abstract

IntroductionMoraxella catarrhalis is a gram negative, oxidase positive, cocci mainly causing upper and lowerrespiratory tract infections. The RND family efflux pumps lead to multidrug resistance in most ofthe gram negative bacteria. One of the well- known pumps in M. catarrhalis is arcAB and oprMsystem. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance in M. catarrhalis andto determine its resistance dependence on the efflux pump. MethodsIn this study, 283 different respiratory tract infection samples processed out of that 73 were confirmedby biotyping and molecular characterization as a M. catarrhalis. The antibiotic susceptibility testswere performed by disc diffusion method according to CLSI. Molecular characterization formultidrug resistance isolates was also done along with genes responsible for efflux pumps. PCRwas done M. catarrhalis and acrAB and oprM genes. The factor for association of efflux pump withantibiotic resistance was investigated using phenylalanine argine β-naphthylamide. ResultsThe antibiotics susceptibility result showed 12 out of 73 isolates were MDR, selectively takenfor PCR using 16SrRNA specific primer. The MDR isolates were further confirmed by PCR. Theamplification results of acra, acrb and oprm genes for the M. catarrhalis having multidrug resistancegenes by PCR band size products seen on 2% agrose gel. The highest resistance towards the drugsviz penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxiclave, cotrimoxazole, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftrixoneand cefepime were seen in M. catarrhalis. ConclusionsThe result showed that Moraxella catarrhalis is one of the major causes for respiratory tract infection.The drug resistance in this species is increasing day by day. The 90% of isolates have acrAB andoprM genes for efflux pump responsible for multiple drug resistance. The efflux pump inhibitorhas important clinical significance for the proper treatment.

Comparison of Fungal Fluorescent Staining and ITS rDNA PCR-based Sequencing with Conventional Methods for Diagnosis of Onychomycosis

“…32 In this study, PCR was positive in 98% of the processed nail specimens. This finding agreed with Jha et al 19 in India who found that 100% of 231 phenotypically-confirmed onychomycosis cases were genotypically positive by PCR. On the other hand, lower positive results of PCR (67%) were detected by another study.…”

“…Approximately, similar results had been published by other studies conducted in Egypt, 17,18 and other countries as in India, Pakistan and Iraq. 1,19,20 According to current results, the prevalence of onychomycosis had been shown to be significantly higher in patients with concomitant diseases such as anemia (46%), diabetes mellitus (25%) and PVD (20%) a finding which came in line with that reported by Emam and Abd El-salam 18 in Egypt and Dogra et al 21 in India. Also, in this study, toenails (60%) were more affected than fingernails (40%) and the observed patterns of onychomycosis were DLSO (38%), TDO (24%), PO (20%) and WSO (18%), these were in agreement with that published by Mohtady et al 22 in Egypt and Gautam et al 14 in India.…”