Molecular characterization of<i>Toxocara</i>spp. eggs isolated from public parks and playgrounds in Shiraz, Iran

Choobineh, Mohammad Amin; Mikaeili, Fattaneh; Sadjjadi, Seyed Mahmoud; Ebrahimi, Sepideh; Iranmanesh, S.

doi:10.1017/s0022149x18000354

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…During sampling, characteristics of sites were recorded, including the presence of children and adults in direct contact with the soil, the presence of dogs and cats, and the presence of feces at the site. Approximately 100 g of soil sample at a depth of 5 to 10 cm was collected, as previously established [ 16 ], placed into a plastic bag, and stored under refrigeration (4 °C) until processing [ 7 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Health approach on human seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies, Toxocara spp. eggs in dogs and sand samples between seashore mainland and island areas of southern Brazil

et al. 2021

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Toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara spp. nematodes, is among the top 5 neglected parasitic diseases worldwide; however, no comprehensive study to date has serologically compared infections in people and their dogs and environmentally contaminated soil or sand of mainland and island locations. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti- Toxocara antibodies in traditional human seashore populations, the presence of eggs in dogs' feces and hair, and the presence of eggs in environmental samples from islands compared to the adjacent mainland of southern Brazil. Overall, 212/328 (64.6%) people were positive for Toxocara spp. antibodies, including 125/190 (65.8%) island and 87/138 (63.0%) mainland residents. For dog samples, 12/115 (10.43%) were positive for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, all from dogs living in islands, and 22/104 (21.15%) dog hair samples contained eggs of Toxocara spp. Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs was observed in 50/130 (38.46%) samples from all sampled sites. No significant association was found between risk factors (age, sex, educational level, monthly income, owning dogs or cats, ingestion of treated water, and consumption of raw or uncooked meat) and Toxocara spp. seropositivity. The present study is the first concurrent report on people, their dogs, and environmental contamination of Toxocara spp. The high prevalence we observed in the seashore populations of both in island and mainland areas may be caused by exposure to contaminated sand and climatic factors favoring frequent exposure to Toxocara spp. In conclusion, seashore lifestyle and living conditions of both island and mainland areas may have predisposed higher contact with infected pets and contaminated soil, favoring the high prevalence of toxocariasis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Health approach on human seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies, Toxocara spp. eggs in dogs and sand samples between seashore mainland and island areas of southern Brazil

et al. 2021

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“…In this study, we applied standard metallic sieves of different mesh sizes, which have been used to recover Toxocara spp. eggs from dog or cat fur (70,71) and soil samples (72,73). However, no egg was retained in the meshes employed for filtering the organic material from the plastic water tanks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Life Cycle of Toxocara spp.

et al. 2021

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The present study aimed to experimentally assess Nile tilapia as potential paratenic host of Toxocara spp. A total of 15 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with 300 embryonated Toxocara canis eggs by oral gavage, while five others of the control group received distilled water. The fish were individually analyzed at 16, 24, 48, 72, and 240 h after inoculation. Water contamination was assessed, and tissue migration by liver, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), eyes, and central nervous system. A murine model was used as the paratenic host for egg infectivity assessment. Eggs and larvae were found in plastic tank water and fish GIT, ranging from 23 to 86% per fish. Eggs and larvae were recovered from the tank water (76.3%) and fish GIT (23.7%). The counting of eggs and larvae observed was negatively correlated with number of eggs and larvae in the water tank (rho = −0.698, p = 0.003). Shedding of embryonated eggs was first detected at 16 and up to 240 h, with significant egg and larvae yield decrease on water-shedding (p = 0.001) and in the GIT (p = 0.007). Although no T. canis larva was recovered in fish tissues, egg infectivity after fish GIT transit was experimentally confirmed by mice assessment. In conclusion, despite shedding viable embryonated eggs through the gastrointestinal tract, tilapias may not play a role as a suitable paratenic hosts for Toxocara spp., posing low risk of zoonotic transmission by fish meat consumption.

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“…In Ahavz, 28.0% and 5.7% of the soil samples contained eggs of T. cati and T. canis, respectively (22). And, in Shiraz, 15.3% and 0.7% of soil samples were contaminated with T. cati and T. canis (19). There are controversies in the literature concerning Toxocara spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Toxocara Species Eggs in the Soil of Public Parks in Hamedan City, Western Iran

Sazmand

Torkaman

Namayeshi

et al. 2020

Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect

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Background: Toxocariasis is one of the most commonly reported zoonotic helminth infections in the world which is caused by the parasitic roundworms of dogs or cats. This survey aimed to provide data on the contamination of the soil of public parks by Toxocara spp. eggs in Hamedan city, capital of Hamedan Province in the west of Iran. Methods: During April and May 2019, a total of 120 soil samples were collected from 20 public parks (4 to 10 soil samples from each park) from all geographical areas of the city. For detection of eggs, soil samples were dried overnight at room temperature and passed through a 150 μm mesh sieve. After performing Sheather’s flotation technique using 2 g of powdery soil, light microscopic examinations were carried out. Results: Microscopic evaluation of specimens revealed that 14 samples out of 120 (11.67%) collected from 10 public parks out of 20 in Hamedan (50.0%) were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. Various developmental stages of Toxocara spp. eggs including (1) non-developed, (2) 2-cell to tadpole stage, and (3) larvated eggs were observed. Furthermore, in two public parks, Trichuris spp. eggs were found in the soils. Conclusions: This study provides the first information about the contamination of public areas in Hamedan 0rovince and suggests that public awareness about this fact is needed. Education of citizens especially parents with children, who have commonly mouthing behavior, is recommended. Further molecular-based studies for the identification of parasite species in the province are suggested. All of the published literature about contamination of the soils of public areas in Iran with Toxocara eggs until July 2020 were also reviewed.

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Molecular characterization ofToxocaraspp. eggs isolated from public parks and playgrounds in Shiraz, Iran

Cited by 20 publications

References 53 publications

One Health approach on human seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies, Toxocara spp. eggs in dogs and sand samples between seashore mainland and island areas of southern Brazil

One Health approach on human seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies, Toxocara spp. eggs in dogs and sand samples between seashore mainland and island areas of southern Brazil

The Role of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Life Cycle of Toxocara spp.

Prevalence of Toxocara Species Eggs in the Soil of Public Parks in Hamedan City, Western Iran

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