Molecular Characterization of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Clinical Isolates

Molecular Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-ResistantHaemophilus parainfluenzaeClinical Isolates in Spain

“…[5][6][7][8] The molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance are similar to those reported for H. influenzae and other gram-negative bacteria. 9,10 Genetic mutations that lead to amino acid substitutions in the QRDR (quinolone resistance-determining regions) of gyrA (Ser84 and Asp88) and parC (Ser84) have been associated with resistance in H. parainfluenzae. [5][6][7][8] In other bacteria, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance conferring low levels of quinolone resistance has been documented.…”

Emerging fluoroquinolone and ketolide resistance in Haemophilus parainfluenzae in South Africa

“…Dear Editor, Fluoroquinolones, macrolides and ketolides remain effective antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (Haemophilus species) especially the beta lactam-resistant isolates [1,2]. Fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance in Haemophilus species, although low, has been reported [2,3].…”

“…Fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance in Haemophilus species, although low, has been reported [2,3]. A Chinese study, conducted from 2006 to 2008, reported 9% to 24% resistance to various fluoroquinolones and 5.9% to 8.8% to a number of macrolides in H. parainfluenzae isolates collected from Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (AECOPD) patients [4].…”

Amino Acid Substitution in the Major Multidrug Efflux Transporter Protein AcrB Contributes to Low Susceptibility to Azithromycin in Haemophilus influenzae

“…M acrolide-, ␤-lactam-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains have been isolated worldwide (1)(2)(3)(4). In particular, clarithromycin (CLR)-resistant strains have been increasing in Japan (1).…”