Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa

Samra, Nada Abu; Jori, Ferrán; Xiao, Lihua; Rikhotso, Oupa Boetie; Thompson, Peter N.

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2012.07.004

Cited by 31 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, a fundamental assumption in the model was that FMD transmission between cattle and buffalo could occur if they shared the same environment within a specific space and for a certain amount of time. The maximum space frame considered for a contact to occur in the different questionnaires implemented (Abu Samra et al, 2012;Jori et al, 2011) being the size of a local soccer field (approximately 0.7 ha) and the time window considered for a contact ranging between 30 min and 1 day were considered plausible scenarios.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contact was defined as the fact of buffalo and cattle being in a common area measuring approximately the size of 0.7 ha. On that occasion, 30 out of 113 farmers declared having observed buffalo in their grazing area and 18 of them declared having seen the two species in contact and gave an indication of the time of contact observed (Abu Samra et al, 2012). We used this information to model the probability of observing a contact (Pcoo).…”

Section: Probability For An Individual Bovine Head To Be In Contact Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Abu Samra et al, 2012 Annual probability for at least one cattle becoming infected at the KNP wildlife/livestock interface(P(I cbz ) 0.18 [0.045; 0.47] …”

Section: Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probability of cattle and buffalo being in close proximity outside the KNP was calculated using data gathered through a questionnaire performed among 113 cattle farmers from a specific location adjacent to the KNP fence in October 2007 (Abu Samra et al, 2012). Contact was defined as the fact of buffalo and cattle being in a common area measuring approximately the size of 0.7 ha.…”

Section: Probability For An Individual Bovine Head To Be In Contact Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The questionnaire implemented among 113 small scale farmers outside the KNP (Abu Samra et al, 2012), gathered data about the number of farmers (n=13) that declared taking their livestock inside the KNP for drinking several days a year. We assessed the probability of one bovine entering the KNP as a Beta distribution (r+1; n-r+1) in which "r" represented the total number of events i.e.…”

Section: Probability For An Individual Bovine Head To Be In Contact Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transmission of foot and mouth disease at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa: Can the risk be mitigated?

Jori

Etter

2016

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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15.2 Highlights  Since 2000, the efficacy of foot and mouth disease control at the interface between cattle and buffaloes at the edge of the Kruger National Park has deteriorated and needs urgent improvement.  This quantitative risk assessment allowing to model the risk of FMD virus transmission between cattle and buffaloes at the edge of the KNP is based on ecological and epidemiological data and fits with past and current numbers of outbreaks.  Including variability and uncertainty this model could be used as a tool for assessing control strategies and may be easily adapted to other transfrontier conservation parks in Southern Africa.  Examples encompassing vaccination coverage (or efficacy), control of buffaloes' population in the park, control of buffaloes escaping the park are presented and discussed.3 SummaryIn Southern Africa, the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural reservoir of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Contacts between this species and cattle are responsible for most of the FMD outbreaks in cattle at the edge of protected areas, which generate huge economic losses. During the late 1980's and 90's, the erection of veterinary cordon fences and the regular vaccination of cattle exposed to buffalo contact at the interface of the Kruger National Park (KNP), proved to be efficient to control and prevent FMD outbreaks in South Africa. However, since 2000, the efficiency of those measures has deteriorated, resulting in an increased rate of FMD outbreaks in cattle outside KNP, currently occurring more than once a year. Based on retrospective ecological and epidemiological data, we developed a stochastic quantitative model to assess the annual risk of FMD virus (FMDV) transmission from buffalo to cattle herds present at the KNP interface. The model suggests that good immunization of approximately 75% of the cattle population combined with a reduction of buffalo/cattle contacts is an efficient combination to reduce FMDV transmission to one infective event every 5.5 years, emulating the epidemiological situation observed at the end of the 20 th century, before current failure of control measures. The model also indicates that an increasing number of buffalo present in the KNP and crossing its boundaries, combined with a reduction in the vaccination coverage of cattle herds at the interface, increases 3-fold the risk of transmission (one infective event per year).The model proposed makes biological sense and provides a good representation of current knowledge of FMD ecology and epidemiology in Southern Africa which can be used to discuss with stakeholders on different management options to control FMD at the wildlife livestock interface and updated if new information becomes available. It also suggests that the control of FMD at the KNP interface is becoming increasingly challenging and will probably require alternative approaches to control this disease and its economic impact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Probability For An Individual Bovine Head To Be In Contact Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Abu Samra et al, 2012 Annual probability for at least one cattle becoming infected at the KNP wildlife/livestock interface(P(I cbz ) 0.18 [0.045; 0.47] …”

Section: Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Probability For An Individual Bovine Head To Be In Contact Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Probability For An Individual Bovine Head To Be In Contact Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

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