Molecular Characterization of Alternaria Alternata and Cladosporium Herbarum Allergens

Achatz, Gernot; Oberkofler, Hannes; Lechenauer, Erich; Simon, Birgit; Unger, Andrea; Kandler, Doris; Ebner, Christoph; Prillinger, Hansjörg; Breitenbach, Michael

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5855-2_21

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Some of the intracellular allergens and self-antigens that also occur in a similar structure within humans that have been described so far include: (Valenta et al, 2009) 15 enolases and several calcium-binding proteins, in the case of fungal allergies (Spinozzi et al, 2008;Achatz et al, 1996;Breitenbach et al, 1997;Engel et al, 1997;Unger et al, 1999;Simon-Nobbe et al, 2000) 16 malate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase and profiling in allergies to watermelon (Pastor et al, 2009) and other fruits.…”

Section: Mild and Severe Damage Resulting From The Mechanisms Of Apopmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hypothesis for a common-cause underlying both autoimmune-diseases and allergies

Arneth

2011

IJIS

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Abstract:Although autoimmune diseases and allergies have recently been associated with each other, the results of the few studies that are available are contradictory. While some of these studies suggest that there is no evidence to assume a connection between autoimmune diseases and allergies, other studies, including some recent animal studies, suggest a connection between these diseases. In this study, we describe the possible connection between autoimmune diseases and allergies. It is important to note that, for the considerations described here, it will be necessary to consider the two types of diseases in a completely different way than has been done so far.Keywords: autoimmunity; antigen presentation; food allergies; T-lymphocytes; CD4-T-lymphocytes; CD8-T-lymphocytes; allergies.Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Arneth, B.M. (2011) 'Hypothesis for a common-cause underlying both autoimmune-diseases and allergies', Int.

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Section: Mild and Severe Damage Resulting From The Mechanisms Of Apopmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hypothesis for a common-cause underlying both autoimmune-diseases and allergies

Arneth

2011

IJIS

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“…However, there are studies showing the great relevance of some of these allergens, such as Alt a 13 (glutathione-S-transferase), Alt a 4 (protein disulphide isomerase) and Alt a 8 (mannitol dehydrogenase), which have shown IgE reactivity with sera from patients sensitised to the Alternaria genus in an 82%, 42% and 41% [100,103,104], respectively, or Alt a 70 kDa which, although not included in the WHO/IUIS database, it is seemed to produce positive skin test results in the 87% (14 out of 16) of the patients sensitised to Alternaria spp. [4,83,103,[105][106][107]. The IgE reactivity observed for the other allergens described was lower than the observed for the Alt a 6 enolase, a thermostable protein considered a fungal panallergen, which showed IgE reactivity in 22% of A. alternata allergic patients [80,[108][109][110][111].…”

Section: Allergen Distribution and Alternaria Alternata Allergen Rele...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Going over Fungal Allergy: Alternaria alternata and Its Allergens

Abel-Fernández

Martínez

Galán

et al. 2023

JoF

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Fungal allergy is the third most frequent cause of respiratory pathologies and the most related to a poor prognosis of asthma. The genera Alternaria and Cladosporium are the most frequently associated with allergic respiratory diseases, with Alternaria being the one with the highest prevalence of sensitization. Alternaria alternata is an outdoor fungus whose spores disseminate in warm and dry air, reaching peak levels in temperate summers. Alternaria can also be found in damp and insufficiently ventilated houses, causing what is known as sick building syndrome. Thus, exposure to fungal allergens can occur outdoors and indoors. However, not only spores but also fungal fragments contain detectable amounts of allergens and may function as aeroallergenic sources. Allergenic extracts of Alternaria hyphae and spores are still in use for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases but are variable and insufficiently standardised, as they are often a random mixture of allergenic ingredients and casual impurities. Thus, diagnosis of fungal allergy has been difficult, and knowledge about new fungal allergens is stuck. The number of allergens described in Fungi remains almost constant while new allergens are being found in the Plantae and Animalia kingdoms. Given Alt a 1 is not the unique Alternaria allergen eliciting allergy symptoms, component-resolved diagnosis strategies should be applied to diagnose fungal allergy. To date, twelve A. alternata allergens are accepted in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee, many of them are enzymes: Alt a 4 (disulfide isomerase), Alt a 6 (enolase), Alt a 8 (mannitol de-hydrogenase), Alt a 10 (aldehyde dehydrogenase), Alt a 13 (glutathione-S-transferase) and Alt a MnSOD (Mn superoxide dismutase), and others have structural and regulatory functions such as Alt a 5 and Alt a 12, Alt a 3, Alt a 7. The function of Alt a 1 and Alt a 9 remains unknown. Other four allergens are included in other medical databases (e.g., Allergome): Alt a NTF2, Alt a TCTP, and Alt a 70 kDa. Despite Alt a 1 being the A. alternata major allergen, other allergens, such as enolase, Alt a 6 or MnSOD, Alt a 14 have been suggested to be included in the diagnosis panel of fungal allergy.

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“…The other allergens described are considered minor in terms of the percentage of patients with specific IgE against them and with less relevance in allergic disease than Alt a 1. Among these are Alt a 3 (heat shock protein) with 16 kDa [19,20], Alt a 4 (disulfide isomerase) with 57 kDa [21,22], Alt a 5 (P2 protein) with 11 kDa [20,23], Alt a 6 (enolase) with 47 kDa and high cross-reactivity with the other fungal enolases [24][25][26], Alt a 7 (YCP4 protein family) with 22 kDa [21,22], Alt a 8 (NADP-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase) with 28.6 kDa [27], Alt a 10 (aldehyde dehydrogenase) with 11 kDa [21,22], Alt a 13 (glutathione-S-transferase) with 26 kDa [28,29], Alt a 14 (manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase) with 24 kDa [26,30,31], and Alt a 15 (serine protease) with 58 kDa [32,33]. These minor allergens have a recognition rate by patients sensitized to A. alternata of between 2% and 42%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Sensitization Pattern to Alternaria alternata Allergens in Patients Treated with Alt a 1 Immunotherapy

Rodríguez

Tabar

Castillo

et al. 2021

JoF

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Alternaria alternata is the most important allergenic fungus, with up to 20% of allergic patients affected. The sensitization profile of patients sensitized to A. alternata and how it changes when treated with immunotherapy is not known. Our objective is to determine the allergen recognition pattern of allergic patients to A. alternata and to study its association to the parameters studied in a clinical trial recently published. Sera of 64 patients from the clinical trial of immunotherapy with native major allergen Alt a 1 were analyzed by immunoblotting; 98. 4% of the patients recognized Alt a 1. The percentage of recognition for Alt a 3, Alt a 4, and/or Alt a 6, Alt a 7, Alt a 8, Alt a 10 and/or Alt a 15 was 1.6%, 21.9%, 12.5%, 12.5%, and 12.5% respectively. Of the 64 patients, 45 (70.3%) only recognized Alt a 1 among the allergens present in the A. alternata extract. Immunotherapy with Alt a 1 desensitizes treated patients, reducing their symptoms and medication consumption through the elimination of Alt a 1 sensitization, which is no longer present in the immunoblotting of some patients. There may be gender differences in the pattern of sensitization to A. alternata allergens, among others.

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Molecular Characterization of Alternaria Alternata and Cladosporium Herbarum Allergens

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Hypothesis for a common-cause underlying both autoimmune-diseases and allergies

Hypothesis for a common-cause underlying both autoimmune-diseases and allergies

Going over Fungal Allergy: Alternaria alternata and Its Allergens

Changes in the Sensitization Pattern to Alternaria alternata Allergens in Patients Treated with Alt a 1 Immunotherapy

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