“…The mitochondrial gene ND4, which codifies the subunit 4 of the NADH dehydrogenase enzyme, along with the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 -COI, and internal transcribed spacer -ITS2, have been considered efficient molecular markers to study the genetic variability of natural populations of Aedes populations (Al Ali et al, 2016;Khater et al, 2021;Escobar et al, 2022). ND4 has been used in multiple populations from Brazil (Bracco et al, 2007;Paduan and Ribolla, 2008;Lima Júnior and Scarpassa, 2009;Twerdochlib et al, 2012), Mexico (Gorrochotegui-Escalante et al, 2002), Peru (Costa-Da-Silva et al, 2005Yáñez et al, 2013), Venezuela (Herrera et al, 2008;Urdaneta-Marquez et al, 2008), Bolivia (Paupy et al, 2012), Colombia (Caldera et al, 2013;Aguirre-Obando et al, 2015), and Chile (Núñez et al, 2016). Therefore, this study aimed to recognize the PYs resistance considering the frequency of kdr V1016I and F1534C mutations, as well as to understand the genetic variation of the natural populations of A. aegypti from Paraná -BR according to the analysis of ND4 mitochondrial gene that helps improve decisions towards the implementation of vector management and control strategies.…”