Abstract:Non-LTR retrotransposons, also known as long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), are transposable elements that encode a reverse transcriptase and insert into genomic locations via RNA intermediates. The sequence analysis of a cDNA library constructed from mRNA of the salivary glands of R. americana showed the presence of putative class I elements. The cDNA clone with homology to a reverse transcriptase was the starting point for the present study. Genomic phage was isolated and sequenced and the molecular … Show more
“…3(A)). The RaTART retrotransposon from R. americana was used as a positive control to ensure the integrity of the messenger RNA in the samples (Rezende-Teixeira et al 2008). The expression pattern was consistent with a maternally expressed mRNA that accumulates during oocyte and embryonic development, as observed in the following mosquitoes: Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Calvo et al 2005;Juhn et al 2008).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The normalization was calculated using the total RNA (Bustin 2000;Bustin 2002). The expression of the reference genes (gapdh, actin, and tubulin) present in the cDNA library of R. americana varies greatly during larval development, as described for R. americana (Rezende-Teixeira et al 2008) and Xenopus (Sindelka et al 2006).…”
Section: Rna Extraction and Quantitative Rt-pcrmentioning
The Dipteran Rhynchosciara americana, a native Brazilian insect that has become a valuable model system for developmental biology research because it provides an interesting opportunity to study a different type of insect oogenesis. Sequences from a cDNA library that was constructed with poly A+RNA from the ovaries of R. americana larvae at different ages were analyzed. Molecular characterization confirmed interesting findings, such as the presence of Rananos. The nanos gene encodes a conserved RNA-binding protein that is required during early development for the maintenance and division of the primordial germ cells of Diptera. nanos plays an important role in specifying the posterior regions of insect embryos and is important for abdomen formation. In the present work, we showed the spatial and temporal expression profiles of this important gene, which is involved in oogenesis and early development. Data mining techniques were used to obtain the complete sequence of Rananos. Bioinformatic tools were used to determine the following: (1) the secondary structure of the 3'-untranslated region of the Rananos mRNA, (2) the encoded protein of the isolated Rananos gene, (3) the conserved zinc-finger domains of the RaNanos protein, and (4) phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, RNA in situ hybridization and immunolocalization were used to determine mRNA and protein expression in the tissues that were studied and to define Rananos as a germ cell molecular marker.
“…3(A)). The RaTART retrotransposon from R. americana was used as a positive control to ensure the integrity of the messenger RNA in the samples (Rezende-Teixeira et al 2008). The expression pattern was consistent with a maternally expressed mRNA that accumulates during oocyte and embryonic development, as observed in the following mosquitoes: Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Calvo et al 2005;Juhn et al 2008).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The normalization was calculated using the total RNA (Bustin 2000;Bustin 2002). The expression of the reference genes (gapdh, actin, and tubulin) present in the cDNA library of R. americana varies greatly during larval development, as described for R. americana (Rezende-Teixeira et al 2008) and Xenopus (Sindelka et al 2006).…”
Section: Rna Extraction and Quantitative Rt-pcrmentioning
The Dipteran Rhynchosciara americana, a native Brazilian insect that has become a valuable model system for developmental biology research because it provides an interesting opportunity to study a different type of insect oogenesis. Sequences from a cDNA library that was constructed with poly A+RNA from the ovaries of R. americana larvae at different ages were analyzed. Molecular characterization confirmed interesting findings, such as the presence of Rananos. The nanos gene encodes a conserved RNA-binding protein that is required during early development for the maintenance and division of the primordial germ cells of Diptera. nanos plays an important role in specifying the posterior regions of insect embryos and is important for abdomen formation. In the present work, we showed the spatial and temporal expression profiles of this important gene, which is involved in oogenesis and early development. Data mining techniques were used to obtain the complete sequence of Rananos. Bioinformatic tools were used to determine the following: (1) the secondary structure of the 3'-untranslated region of the Rananos mRNA, (2) the encoded protein of the isolated Rananos gene, (3) the conserved zinc-finger domains of the RaNanos protein, and (4) phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, RNA in situ hybridization and immunolocalization were used to determine mRNA and protein expression in the tissues that were studied and to define Rananos as a germ cell molecular marker.
“…The protocol of in situ hybridization was described in Rezende-Teixeira et al (2008b). The preparations were analyzed in a laser scanning confocal microscope, LSM-510 (Zeiss), and positive regions were considered those labelled in most of the chromosome optical sections.…”
ABSTRACT. Mariner-like elements are widely present in diverse organisms. These elements constitute a large fraction of the eukaryotic genome; they transpose by a "cut-and-paste" mechanism with their own transposase protein. We found two groups of mobile elements in the genus Rhynchosciara. PCR using primers designed from R. americana transposons (Ramar1 and Ramar2) were the starting point for this comparative study. Genomic DNA templates of four species: R. hollaenderi, R. millerii, R. baschanti, and Rhynchosciara sp were used and genomic sequences were amplified, sequenced and the molecular structures of the elements characterized as being putative mariner-like elements. The first group included the putative full-length elements. The second group was composed of defective mariner elements that contain a deletion overlapping most of the internal region of the transposase open reading frame. They were named Rmar1 (type 1) and Rmar2 (type 2), respectively. Many conserved amino acid blocks were identified, as well as a specific D,D(34)D signature motif that was defective in some elements. Based on predicted transposase sequences, these elements encode truncated proteins and are phylogenetically very close to mariner-like elements of the mauritiana subfamily. The inverted terminal repeat sequences that flanked the mariner-like elements are responsible for their mobility. These inverted terminal repeat sequences were identified by inverse PCR.
“…Salivary gland was used for RNA extraction with normalization against total RNA according to Bustin (2002) and Rezende-Teixeira et al (2008b). The fourth instar larval stage comprises the longest larval development period, where the construction of the elaborate communal cocoon and the DNA puffs occur.…”
Section: Relative Expression During Developmentmentioning
Ribosomal RNA genes are encoded by large units clustered (18S, 5S, and 28S) in the nucleolar organizer region in several organisms. Sometimes additional insertions are present in the coding region for the 28S rDNA. These insertions are specific non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons that have very restricted integration targets within the genome. The retrotransposon present in the genome of Rhynchosciara americana, RaR2, was isolated by the screening of a genomic library. Sequence analysis showed the presence of conserved regions, such as a reverse transcriptase domain and a zinc finger motif in the amino terminal region. The insertion site was highly conserved in R. americana and a phylogenetic analysis showed that this element belongs to the R2 clade. The chromosomal localization confirmed that the RaR2 mobile element was inserted into a specific site in the rDNA gene. The expression level of RaR2 in salivary glands during larval development was determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and the increase of relative expression in the 3P of the fourth instar larval could be related to intense gene activity characteristic of this stage. 5'-Truncated elements were identified in different DNA samples. Additionally, in three other Rhynchosciara species, the R2 element was present as a full-length element.
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