Molecular Characterization and the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Abstract

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: blaTEM, temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), blaTEM, temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.

Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors

“…survived in lice faeces in considerable numbers for more than 1 year and about 4 years in experimental cases [90,93]. Lice, therefore, appear not to transmit the organism through a bite but rather through their faeces [90,94].…”

Virulence genes identification in Salmonella enterica isolates from humans, crocodiles, and poultry farms from two regions in Colombia

“…Molecular confirmation of the S. enterica strains was realized through amplification of a 282 bp fragment of the InvA gene by PCR (Table-1) [16,17,[19][20][21]. Sixteen virulence genes were assessed in 31 isolates of S. enterica by amplification of each gene using specific primers described in Table-2 [4,12,22,23]. Each reaction with a final volume of 25 μL was made up of 15.875 μL deionized distilled water, 5 μL of Flexi Buffer 5× Colorless GoTaq®, 1 μL of dNTPs, 1 μL of each primer (10 pmol/μL), 0.125 μL of GoTaq® Flexi DNA Taq polymerase (Promega), and as template 1 μL of gDNA.…”

Isolation, Identification, Antimicrobial Resistance, Genotyping, and Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from a Food-Poisoning Incident

“…According to the latest study, of the order of 420,000 people die of illness due to eating contaminated food every year. Salmonella is the most common pathogen, especially in developing countries ( Soubeiga et al 2022 ). Salmonella Enteritidis is a harmful zoonotic pathogen with a wide range of hosts and can colonize humans, animals, plants, and even the environment.…”