Molecular characterization and expression analysis of B-cell lymphoma-2 in Trachinotus ovatus and its role in apoptotic process

Abstract

IntroductionB-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) is the first identified member of the Bcl-2 family that performs an anti-apoptotic function in mammals. However, its role in teleosts is not fully understood. In this study, Bcl-2 of Trachinotus ovatus (TroBcl2) was cloned, and its role in apoptosis was investigated.MethodsIn this study, Bcl-2 of Trachinotus ovatus (TroBcl2) was cloned by PCR. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect its mRNA expression level in healthy condition and after LPS stimulation. Subcellular localization was performed by transfecting the pTroBcl2-N3 plasmid into golden pompano snout (GPS) cells and observed under an inverted fluorescence microscope DMi8 and further verified by immunoblotting. In vivo overexpression and RNAi knockdown method were performed to evaluate the role of TroBcl2 in apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic activity of TroBcl2 was detected by flow cytometry. The effect of TroBcl2 on the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by an enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit with JC-1. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method was performed to evaluate the role of TroBcl2 in the DNA fragmentation. Immunoblotting was used to verify whether TroBcl2 inhibits the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm. The Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 Activity Assay Kits were used to investigate the effect of TroBcl2 on caspase 3 and caspase 9 activities. The effects of TroBcl2 on the expression of apoptosis-related and nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway-related genes in vitro were evaluated by qRT-PCR and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the activity in NF-κB signaling pathway.Results and discussionThe full-length coding sequence of TroBcl2 contains 687 bp and encodes a protein containing 228 amino acids. Four conserved Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains and one invariant “NWGR” motif located in BH1 were identified in TroBcl2. In healthy T. ovatus, TroBcl2 was widely distributed in the eleven tested tissues, and higher expression levels were found in immune-related tissues, such as spleen and head kidney tissues. After stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the expression of TroBcl2 in the head kidney, spleen, and liver was significantly upregulated. In addition, subcellular localization analysis revealed that TroBcl2 was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Functional experiments showed that TroBcl2 inhibited apoptosis, possibly by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential loss, decreasing DNA fragmentation, preventing cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, and reducing the caspase 3 and caspase 9 activations. Moreover, upon LPS stimulation, overexpression of TroBcl2 suppressed the activation of several apoptosis-related genes, such as BOK, caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3, cytochrome c, and p53. Furthermore, knockdown of TroBcl2 significantly increased the expression of those apoptosis-related genes. In addition, TroBcl2 overexpression or knockdown induced or inhibited, respectively, the transcription of NF-κB and regulated the expression of genes (such as NF-κB1 and c-Rel) in the NF-κB signaling pathway as well as the expression of the downstream inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Overall, our study suggested that TroBcl2 performs its conserved anti-apoptotic function via the mitochondrial pathway and may serve as an anti-apoptotic regulator in T. ovatus.

Retinal Microenvironment‐Protected Rhein‐GFFYE Nanofibers Attenuate Retinal Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Regulating Microglial/Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization

“…The decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) is a landmark event in the early stage of apoptosis. [ 23 ] 5,5',6,6'‐Tetrachloro‐1,1',3,3'‐tetraethyl‐imidacarbocyanine iodide (JC‐1) is commonly used to monitor ΔΨm. When ΔΨm is high, JC‐1 aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix, forming J‐aggregates and producing red fluorescence; in contrast, when ΔΨm is low, JC‐1 cannot aggregate in the mitochondrial matrix.…”

“…Brain‐specific homebox/POU domain protein 3A (BRN3A) and β‐III‐TUBULIN are two protein markers of RGC cells that can be labeled using immunofluorescence staining. [ 23 , 30 ] Here, we investigated the effects of Rh‐GFFYE on the expressions of BRN3A and β‐III‐TUBULIN in the retina after RIR injury. The intravitreal injection of Rh‐GFFYE, saline, and control compounds was conducted one day after RIR injury.…”