Molecular characterization and antigenic analysis of reassortant H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses in Eastern China in 2016

Yang, Fan; Xiao, Yixin; Liu, Fumin; Yao, Hang‐Ping; Wu, Nanping; Wu, Haibo

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198577

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…However, all our viruses were E at the 627 site and D at the 701 site of the PB2 proteins, which are molecular characteristics of typical AIVs from birds. The L13P of the PB1 proteins, D383K of PA, L479F substitution in the NP, and 30D and 215A of M1 were present in all our viruses, and these mutations helped to enhance their viral pathogenicity in mammals ( Gabriel et al, 2008 ; Long et al, 2008 ; Fan et al, 2009 ; Song et al, 2011 , 2015 ; Yang et al, 2021 ). The NS1 proteins have these mutations P42S, D92E, L103F, I106M, and V149A and a five-amino-acid deletion at positions 83–87 compared with GGD1-96 ( Long et al, 2008 ), which are the molecular characterization that enhance viral virulence ( Donelan et al, 2003 ; Seo et al, 2004 ; Banet-Noach et al, 2007 ; Jiao et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Genetic characteristics of waterfowl-origin H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and their pathogenesis in ducks and chickens

Wang

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Waterfowl, such as ducks, are natural hosts for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and act as a bridge for transmitting the virus to humans or susceptible chickens. Since 2013, chickens and ducks have been threatened by waterfowl-origin H5N6 subtype AIVs in China. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the genetic evolution, transmission, and pathogenicity of these viruses. In this study, we determined the genetic characteristics, transmission, and pathogenicity of waterfowl-origin H5N6 viruses in southern China. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of H5N6 viruses were classified into the MIX-like branch of clade 2.3.4.4h. The neuraminidase (NA) genes belonged to the Eurasian lineage. The PB1 genes were classified into MIX-like and VN 2014-like branches. The remaining five genes were clustered into the MIX-like branch. Therefore, these viruses belonged to different genotypes. The cleavage site of the HA proteins of these viruses was RERRRKR/G, a molecular characteristic of the H5 highly pathogenic AIV. The NA stalk of all H5N6 viruses contained 11 amino acid deletions at residues 58–68. All viruses contained 627E and 701D in the PB2 proteins, which were molecular characteristics of typical bird AIVs. Furthermore, this study showed that Q135 and S23 viruses could replicate systematically in chickens and ducks. They did not cause death in ducks but induced mild clinical signs in them. All the infected chickens showed severe clinical signs and died. These viruses were shed from the digestive and respiratory tracts and transmitted horizontally in chickens and ducks. Our results provide valuable information for preventing H5N6 avian influenza outbreaks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Genetic characteristics of waterfowl-origin H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and their pathogenesis in ducks and chickens

Wang

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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“…we found that the HA proteins of clades A, B, and C were not only missing 215–218 potential glycosylation sites but also a new 313–315 glycosylation site near the cleavage site compared to previous reports ( Li et al, 2005 ; Dong et al, 2011b ; Liu et al, 2016 ). Increased glycosylation sites may significantly increase the ability of viruses to infect mammalian cells and avian species ( Peng et al, 2019 ; Yang et al, 2021 ), and also increase the ability of viruses to escape immunity to vaccines ( Tate et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health

et al. 2023

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H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012–2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014–2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.

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“…The head enzyme activity center, transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic domain of NA protein are connected by the neck. The length of the neck is related to the cross-species transmission ability and pathogenicity of the virus [21]. The deletion of the neck of the NA protein is a sign of increased virulence of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus [22].…”

Section: Analysis Of Key Sites Of Na Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic evolution analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H9N2 avian influenza virus in external environment of some areas of Yunnan Province, China from 2020 to 2023

Liu,

Fu,

Chen

et al. 2024

Preprint

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ObjectiveTo understand the molecular characteristics and genetic variation of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in the external environment of Yunnan Province, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of H9N2 subtype AIV in this area.ResultsThe HA and NA genes of 20 isolates belonged to Y280-like sub-branch. The nucleotide and amino acid homology of HA gene were 88.46%-99.81% and 89.08% -99.61%, respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid homology of NA gene were 88.85%-100% and 90.09%-100%, respectively. The HA protein cleavage site of 20 isolates was PSRSSRGLF, which was consistent with the molecular characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza virus. The 226 th and 228 th positions of the receptor binding site are all L and G, which have the ability to bind to the mammalian sialic acid α-2,6 sialic acid receptor; HA protein had 7-8 glycosylation sites, and the main variation was the deletion of one site at 218 and the addition of one glycosylation site at 313 and 491. The main antigenic sites were G90E, S/T145D, D/N153G, A/S/F168N/E, T200R, N/D201G/T mutations. The NA protein neck of 20 isolates lacked 3 amino acids (TEI), which had the molecular characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza. NA protein had 6-8 glycosylation sites. The main variation was that two isolates increased a new glycosylation site NPTQ at the 2nd position, and one isolate increased a new glycosylation site NTTI at the 67th position. All isolates lost one site at the 402nd position, and some isolates lost at the 83rd and 365th positions. The amino acids at the active site and key site of NA protease were not mutated, and the isolates did not produce resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors.ConclusionThe HA and NA genes of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in Yunnan Province have evolved continuously, but they still belong to the Y280 branch of the Eurasian lineage. Mutations in key sites may cause increased infectivity and transmission. The monitoring of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus should be strengthened to prevent it from breaking the interspecies barrier and spreading to humans and lower mammals, so as to prevent the outbreak of H9N2 subtype avian influenza.

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Molecular characterization and antigenic analysis of reassortant H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses in Eastern China in 2016

Cited by 7 publications

References 62 publications

Genetic characteristics of waterfowl-origin H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and their pathogenesis in ducks and chickens

Genetic characteristics of waterfowl-origin H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and their pathogenesis in ducks and chickens

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health

Genetic evolution analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H9N2 avian influenza virus in external environment of some areas of Yunnan Province, China from 2020 to 2023

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