Molecular biomarkers in current management of metastatic colorectal cancer

Abstract

Over the past two decades, the treatment outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) have been remarkably improved, largely from the evolution of systemic therapy. Also, the molecular biomarkers have played a major role in this improvement by their predictive value in current treatment paradigm in mCRC. Currently, extended RAS mutation analysis is required for consideration of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy in patients with mCRC. Several uncommon gene alterations have emerged as the potential targets for their matched molecular targeted therapy. Although, most patients with mCRC do not derive benefit from immunotherapy. By using microsatellite instability or mismatch repair test, we are now able to identify a small subgroup of patients with mCRC who have a very good response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. With the increasing number of required biomarkers in mCRC management, multiplex gene panel testing is now replacing single gene testing strategy. In patients accessible to matched molecular targeted therapy, especially for clinical trials, the comprehensive genomic profiling might be the preferred testing method. Although, it is potentially benefit in mCRC treatment, the liquid biopsy is not yet clinically applicable. The optimal utilization of molecular biomarker testing is required for best treatment outcomes in individual patients.

Network-based identification of biomarkers for colon adenocarcinoma

“…With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, it was not only used on many crucial genetic and epigenetic alternations discovered for cancers, but also identified meaningful cancer biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment prediction [ 4 – 9 ]. Biomarkers which can serve as diagnostic factors, prognostic indicators and drug targets for targeted therapy may bring a breakthrough in improving the prevention and treatment of CRC [ 10 , 11 ]. However, most of the existing biomarkers have not been applied successfully in clinic.…”