Molecular biology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infection in giant freshwater prawn

Abstract

Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) has been threatening the giant freshwater prawn aquaculture since 1997, causing white tail disease in the prawn species that leads to 100% lethality of the infected postlarvae. Comprehension of the viral infectivity and pathogenesis at molecular biology level has recently resolved the viral capsid protein and evidenced the significant difference in the viral structural protein compared to other nodaviruses that infect fish and insect. Cumulative researches have remarked the proposal to assert MrNV as a member of new genus, gammanodavirus to the Nodaviridae family. The significance of molecular biology in MrNV infection is being highlighted in this current review, revolving the viral life cycle from virus binding and entry into host, virus replication in host cell, to virus assembly and release. The current review also highlights the emerging aptamers technology that is also known as synthetic antibody, its application in disease diagnosis, and its prophylactic and therapeutic properties. The future perspective of synthetic virology technology in understanding viral pathogenesis, as well as its potential in viral vaccine development, is also discussed.

Comparative genome analysis reveals a distinct influence of nucleotide composition on virus–host species‐specific interaction of prawn‐infecting nodavirus

“…This observation would have explained the inability to cluster MrNV and PvNV in neither alpha‐ nor betanodavirus due to the distinct amino acid sequence encoded by the significant different nucleotide preference and composition of its capsid. Current findings are in agreement to previous reports on the diversity in capsid topologies among the members of the Nodaviridae (Chen et al, ; Low, Md Yusoff, Kuppusamy, & Ahmad Nadzri, ; Odegard, Banerjee, & Johnson, ), where sequence similarity of both MrNV and PvNV is not more than 20% with that alpha‐ and betanodavirus, whilst the capsid protein sequence similarity is more than 80% between MrNV and PvNV (Chong, Ganesan, Yong, Tan, & Ho, ; NaveenKumar et al, ). This may lead to an assumption of nodavirus capsid evolution in a non‐linear form within the family group (Warrilow et al, ).…”

Genomic and antibody-based assays for the detection of Indian strains of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus associated with white tail disease of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

“…The role of individual virus (MrNV and XSV) in the pathogenesis of WTD is not clearly understood. Even though there are some evidence to show MrNV plays a key role in the pathogenesis of WTD [10] the role of XSV cannot be neglected [11,16]. Studies from Zhang et al [48] have shown XSV to be a satellite virus and several studies have shown that satellite virus acts as pathogenicity factor and also interfere and suppress RNAi mechanisms [27].…”

Biological activities and potential of organic banana (Musa acuminata) peel extract in enhancing the immunity of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

“…Epidemics generated by viruses and bacteria have seriously impacted commercial prawn farming, resulting in severe economic losses. Viruses, such as white spot syndrome virus, infectious myonecrosis virus and M. rosenbergii nodavirus, have been commonly found to cause diseases in shrimp farming (Low et al, 2018; Prasad et al, 2017; Sánchez‐Paz, 2010), while the bacterial infection affecting shrimp aquaculture is caused by pathogenic Enterococcus sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila (Chang et al, 2020; Cheng & Chen, 2002; Lai et al, 2015). The farmers are compelled to apply the antibiotic during the culture to reduce the infection of pathogens, promote the immune system and growth rate.…”