Molecular Biocompatibility of a Silver Nanoparticle Complex with Graphene Oxide to Human Skin in a 3D Epidermis In Vitro Model

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) can migrate to tissues and cells of the body, as well as to agglomerate, which reduces the effectiveness of their use for the antimicrobial protection of the skin. Graphene oxide (GO), with a super-thin flake structure, can be a carrier of AgNP that stabilizes their movement without inhibiting their antibacterial properties. Considering that the human skin is often the first contact with antimicrobial agent, the aim of the study was to assess whether the application of the complex of AgNP and GO is biocompatible with the skin model in in vitro studies. The conducted tests were performed in accordance with the criteria set in OECD TG439. AgNP-GO complex did not influence the genotoxicity and metabolism of the tissue. Furthermore, the complex reduced the pro-inflammatory properties of AgNP by reducing expression of IP-10 (interferon gamma-induced protein 10), IL-3 (interleukin 3), and IL-4 (interleukin 4) as well as MIP1β (macrophage inflammatory protein 1β) expressed in the GO group. Moreover, it showed a positive effect on the micro- and ultra-structure of the skin model. In conclusion, the synergistic effect of AgNP and GO as a complex can activate the process of epidermis renewal, which makes it suitable for use as a material for skin contact.

A Comprehensive Assessment of the Biocompatibility and Safety of Diamond Nanoparticles on Reconstructed Human Epidermis

“…The evaluated layers showed a consistent structure and the cellular morphology within them appeared to be intact. The results concerning normal tissues are consistent with the observations made by Zieliska et al after incubation of EpiDerm™ with PBS [ 51 ]. Moreover, for both examined groups, the measurements of overall width were in agreement with the anticipated results, ranging from 83 to 100 μm [ 19 ].…”

Graphene Oxide Decreases Pro-Inflammatory Proteins Production in Skeletal Muscle Cells Exposed to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

“… 22 Moreover, cells develop so well on the GO scaffold that they undergo spontaneous physiological contraction. Also, graphene administered to the breeding medium is non-toxic at a level below 10 μg / L. 23 Studies of relatively high biocompatibility of GO have also been confirmed by us in experiments on rats, 24 , 25 3D skin model 26 and in studies on other biological models. 27 It seems that GO, as a super-thin layer of carbon applied in a small amount, can, without inducing toxicity, deposit on its surface CS-related proteins present in the body.…”

Nanostructured graphene oxide enriched with metallic nanoparticles as a biointerface to enhance cell adhesion through mechanosensory modifications

“…49 Moreover, the GO–Ag NP nanocomplex at a concentration of 5 : 25 μg mL −1 (GO–Ag NPs) is highly biocompatible with skin tissue based on a 3D EpiDerm model, and simultaneously affect tissue reconstruction by modulating the secretory profile of cytokines. 50…”