Molecular Basis by Which Garlic Suppresses Atherosclerosis

Campbell, Julie H.; Efendy, Johnny; Smith, Nicole J.; Campbell, Gordon

doi:10.1093/jn/131.3.1006s

Cited by 78 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These insights may help explain positive cardiovascular outcomes of several smaller, randomized controlled trials that utilized garlic or garlic extracts. Results were largely independent of any effects on standard risk factors (222,223,247,939).…”

Section: E Hydrogen Sulfide Signalingmentioning

confidence: 86%

Molecular Biology of Atherosclerosis

Hopkins

2013

Physiological Reviews

379

344

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At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-␣ and related family members leading to activation of NF-B; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.

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Section: E Hydrogen Sulfide Signalingmentioning

confidence: 86%

Molecular Biology of Atherosclerosis

Hopkins

2013

Physiological Reviews

379

344

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“…It is interesting that a recent small pilot study by Budoff et al (60) showed that, compared with placebo, AGE may inhibit the rate of progression of CAC in the general population. The mechanism is probably related to their ability to inhibit atherosclerosis (61).…”

Section: Other Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the Burden of Cardiovascular Calcification in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Qunibi

2005

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher burden of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease compared with age-and gender-matched individuals with normal renal function. Cardiovascular calcification (CVC), a marker of atherosclerosis, is also more prevalent in these patients and is associated with serious clinical consequences. The pathogenesis of CVC is complex and includes factors that promote calcification and others that inhibit calcification. Thus, multiple therapeutic interventions should be used simultaneously to reduce the burden of calcification in patients with CKD. Thus far, interventional attempts have focused on curtailing the effects of factors that promote calcification such as management of known traditional factors for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and on adopting specific approaches to normalize mineral metabolism, deliver adequate dialysis, and control serum cholesterol level. By contrast, interventions that may bolster the effects of inhibitors of calcification have not yet been studied well but are beginning to attract attention. Ideally, the goal of interventions is not only to slow or halt progression of calcification but also to reverse pre-existing calcification. Whether this goal is achievable is not currently known. This review examines the potential of various therapeutic interventions in reducing the CVC burden in patients with CKD. Moreover, the review is intended to stimulate more research in this area because the efficacy of these interventions has not been examined in controlled clinical trials.

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“…The results of numerous clinical investigations have shown that garlic may produce beneficial effects on different cardiovascular risk factors: garlic is known to reduce serum cholesterol levels in humans, inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, lower arterial blood pressure, suppress low-density lipoprotein oxidation, lower plasma fibrinogen and increase fibrinolytic activity, thus possessing anti-atherosclerotic properties. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Among all risk factors for atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, along with dyslipidemia, is thought to be the most potent factor that greatly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. 7,8 Clinical investigations that focused on the effect of garlic in arterial hypertension have revealed its moderate hypotensive action in most studies; [9][10][11][12][13] however, controversial data exist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-released garlic powder tablets lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men with mild and moderate arterial hypertension

et al. 2009

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Numerous clinical investigations that have focused on the hypotensive effects of garlic-based preparations have led to controversial results that may be partially because of differences in the composition of the preparations and in the biological responses they induce. It is possible that garlic powder tablets with a prolonged mode of action could induce more potent biological effects. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an active control arm, the hypotensive action of time-released garlic powder tablets (Allicor) was compared with that of regular garlic pills (Kwai) in 84 men with mild or moderate arterial hypertension. After an 8-week placebo treatment run-in phase, patients were randomized either to 600 mg Allicor (n¼30) or to placebo (n¼20) daily for 8 weeks. In addition, in the open-label branch, patients received either 2400 mg Allicor daily (n¼18) or 900 mg Kwai daily (n¼16). Allicor treatment (600 mg daily) resulted in a reduction of both systolic and diastolic blood pressures by 7.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 5.3-8.7) and 3.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 2.7-4.8), respectively. Increasing the Allicor dosage to 2400 mg daily did not provide any additional benefit. Treatment with Kwai resulted in the same decrease in systolic blood pressure (5.4 mm Hg, 95% CI: 1.9-8.8) as that seen with Allicor, but no decrease in diastolic blood pressure was observed with Kwai. Different effects of Allicor and Kwai on diastolic blood pressure may be because of the prolonged action of Allicor, which allows better bioavailability of the vasoactive constituents of garlic powder. The results of this study show that time-released garlic powder tablets are more effective for the treatment of mild and moderate arterial hypertension than are regular garlic supplements.

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Molecular Basis by Which Garlic Suppresses Atherosclerosis

Cited by 78 publications

References 12 publications

Molecular Biology of Atherosclerosis

Molecular Biology of Atherosclerosis

Reducing the Burden of Cardiovascular Calcification in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Time-released garlic powder tablets lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men with mild and moderate arterial hypertension

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