Molecular aspects of temperature acclimation in fish: Contributions of changes in enzyme activities and isozyme patterns to metabolic reorganization in the green sunfish

Abstract

Spectrophotometric and electrophoretic techniques were used to monitor qualitative and quantitative aspects of changes in 12 enzymes from five different tissues of green' sunfish after thermal acclimation. Changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations over the range 5-25 ppm had no significant effect on qualitative or quantitative aspects of enzyme distributions.In response to differences in environmental temperature, however, significant changes in the levels of activity of fructose-biphosphate aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome c, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were observed in one or more tissues. Enzymes in a single metabolic pathway (e.g., glycolysis) usually exhibited parallel changes in a given tissue. Enzymes in different pathways, on the other hand, frequently exhibited changes in opposite directions, one group of enzymes increased in the cold while the other group decreased, indicating that major metabolic reorganizations were occurring. The patterns of change among tissues were distinctly different, therefore changes observed in one tissue cannot readily be generalized to other tissues.No changes in isozyme patterns were seen for lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, fructose-biphosphate aldolase, malate dehydrogenase, glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or alcohol dehydrogenase in any of the tissues examined. However, some changes in the isozyme patterns of esterases in both liver and eye tissue were observed. These observations indicate that major changes in isozyme repertories do not necessarily accompany the thermoacclimatory responses of all fishes.The physiological activities of organisms are subject to the influence of physical factors in the environment such as temperature, dissolved gases, light, pressure, salinity, etc. Indeed, the development of elaborate homeokinetic mechanisms in virtually all organisms emphasizes the biological importance of minimizing the effects of fluctuations in such parameters. The presence of sophisticated, highly specialized respiratory, circulatory, excretory and osmoregulatory systems in higher organisms indicates the importance of systems-level adaptations to this problem. Nevertheless, all animals living in changing environments must continually face the challenge of environmental variation. Physiological conformers such as many invertebrates and in some respects the lower vertebrates are more dependent upon changing aspects of their physical environment than are the physiological regulators such as birds and mammals. Thus, while regulators are noted for their capacity to maintain a constant internal state in the face of varying environmental conditions, many conformers have evolved adaptations which allow them to exploit or a t least persist in the face of fluctuPresent address:

Temperature acclimation alters oxidative capacities and composition of membrane lipids without influencing activities of enzymatic antioxidants or susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in fish muscle

“…The magnitude of the observed change in CCO activity for 5°C-acclimated killifish (1.5-fold) is similar to the 1.9-[green sunfish (Shaklee et al, 1977)], 1.2-[zebrafish (McClelland et al, 2006)], and 1.7-fold [cod (Lucassen et al, 2006) and bluegill (J.M.G. and E.L.C., unpublished)] increases in CCO in skeletal muscle reported elsewhere.…”

Origins of variation in muscle cytochrome c oxidase activity within and between fish species

“…Farrell et al, 1991), but they also induce mitochondrial proliferation in response to cold acclimation and winter acclimatization (Egginton and Sidell, 1989;Egginton et al, 2000;Guderley, 1990). Unlike the situation in mammals, where cold exposure induces hypermetabolism, cold treatment of fish depresses metabolism, leading to a suite of morphological, physiological, biochemical and genetic modifications (Egginton and Johnston, 1984;Johnston and Maitland, 1980;Johnston and Wokoma, 1986;Orczewska et al, 2010;Shaklee et al, 1977). The underlying cause of cold-induced mitochondrial proliferation remains elusive but it is thought to reflect a degree of thermal compensation to overcome the negative thermodynamic effects on metabolism and metabolic enzymes (Egginton and Sidell, 1989;Hazel and Prosser, 1974).…”

Effects of long-term hypoxia on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the Gulf killifish,Fundulus grandis

“…The opposite trend, increased enzyme activities in muscle and no changes in liver, was observed in Hoplias microlepis (Dickson and Graham, 1986). In tissues of other species, enzyme activities stayed the same (Shaklee et al, 1977;Driedzic et al, 1985) or decreased during hypoxic exposure (Almeida-Val et al, 1995). In addition, all but one of the above studies report data on only a subset of the enzymes of glycolysis (as few as one or two).…”