Molecular and serological surveillance of Getah virus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2017–2020

Shi, Ning; Qiu, Xiangshu; Cao, Xinyu; Mai, Zhanhai; Zhu, Xiangyu; Li, Nan; He, Zhonghu; Zhang, Jinyong; Li, Zhuoxin; Shaya, Nuerlan; Lu, Huijun; Jin, Ningyi

doi:10.1016/j.virs.2022.02.004

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In comparison to other regions, the positive rate of GETV in horse in Xinjiang was higher than 25% in Hainan (Li et al, 1992), 24% in Hong Kong (Shortridge et al, 1994), and 17% in India (Brown and Timoney, 1998), but less than 93% in Japan after GETV became popular (Imagawa et al, 1981). Moreover, the GMT value of neutralizing antibody in 334 positive horse serum samples was calculated to be 1:135.8, combined with a high positive rate, speculating that GETV infection may be prevalent in horse populations in Xinjiang, which was similar to a previous study on the positive rate of GETV in Xinjiang from 2017 to 2020 (Shi et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Given that lacking commercialized diagnostic kits for GETV antibodies and VNT, as one of the gold criteria for the serological diagnosis of GETV, is thought to be more specific in distinguishing GETV from other antigenically related alphaviruses ( Fukunaga et al, 2000 ), many reported studies utilized VNT to carried out seroepidemiological investigation for GETV and to compare with their established detection methods( Li et al, 2019 ; Shi et al, 2022 ). In this study, 646 clinical serum samples collected from Xinjiang (Changji, Ili, Aksu and Kashi) were detected by rE2d-ELISA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and application of an indirect ELISA for detecting equine IgG antibodies against Getah virus with recombinant E2 domain protein

Qiu

Cao²,

Shi³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Getah virus (GETV) disease is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that causes fever, aseptic meningitis, and abortion in a variety of animals. Currently, the epidemic trend of GETV disease increases seriously worldwide, especially in China, posing a potential threat to animal safety and public health. However, there are few reports about the epidemiological investigation of GETV disease in China as well as a lack of commercial diagnostic kit for GETV antibody. Therefore, the establishment of a rapid, sensitive and suitable GETV antibody detection method for large-scale samples is an urgent request to fully understand the prevalence of GETV disease. Here, a recombinant plasmid pET22b-GETV-E2d that contained the domain of GETV-E2 (E2d) fused to His-tag was constructed to express recombinant protein E2d (rE2d) in Escherichia coli. The rE2d was mainly expressed in inclusion bodies. And it was purified successfully by nickel affinity column so that it could be used to develop an indirect ELISA (rE2d-ELISA). After optimizing reaction conditions of rE2d-ELISA, the cut-off value was determined as 0.396 with 100 equine sera tested by virus neutralization test (VNT). Furthermore, rE2d-ELISA method showed the positive rate of IgG antibodies against GETV was 54.3% based on testing 646 clinical serum samples obtained in Xinjiang whereas the overall coincidence rate between rE2d-ELISA and VNT was 94.0%, with 98.2% sensitivity and 92.6% specificity. The findings suggest that the developed IgG ELISA employing recombinant E2d promises was an efficient and low-cost type of antibody detection method for horse, which will benefit for prevention of GETV outbreaks in horses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of an indirect ELISA for detecting equine IgG antibodies against Getah virus with recombinant E2 domain protein

Qiu

Cao²,

Shi³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…GETV antigens and antibodies have been detected in pigs, cattle, horses, sheep, and mosquitoes, and their regional coverage is expanding (13). Outbreaks of GETV in horses have been reported in Japan and India, indicating that GETV infections can cause economic damage to the equine industry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several methods can be used to measure GETV-specific antibodies in serum samples. The virus-neutralization (VN) test is the classical and general method for measuring GETV-specific antibodies in animals (13). Although the VN test is accurate and useful for measuring anti-GETV antibodies, it requires skilled technicians, cell culture equipment and reagents (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Blocking ELISA Method for Detection of Getah Virus Antibodies in Horse Sera

Yang,

Park,

Kim

et al. 2023

J Bacteriol Virol.

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Recent climate change and global warming are likely to increase mosquito-borne diseases. Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne virus that infects horses and other mammals, including humans. Currently, GETV infection in horse sera is confirmed by the virus neutralization (VN) test. Therefore, there is a need for a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect GETV-antibody in a large number of horse serum samples. We aimed to develop a blocking ELISA (B-ELISA) method for the specific detection of GETV antibodies in horse serum samples. Antibodies against GETV in the sera of 175 horses were measured using the VN test. The purified QIAG9301-100P virus was used as an antigen for the B-ELISA. A monoclonal antibody (1E1) was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and used as a detection antibody. For the establishment of the B-ELISA, antigen concentration, serum dilution factor, and conjugate dilution concentration were determined as 5 µg/mL, 20 times, and 3.6 µg/mL, respectively. We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the B-ELISA using sera from 175 horses. The B-ELISA had a diagnostic sensitivity of 91.4%, a specificity of 94.0%, and an accuracy of 93.1% compared with that of the VN test. The B-ELISA was significantly correlated with the VN test (r = 0.83). The new B-ELISA could replace the VN test and be useful for the sero-surveillance of GETV in horse sera. It is also expected to be able to detect GETV antibodies in the serum of various animals including pigs.

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“…Getah virus (GETV) is an arbovirus, belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family, along with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) (Zhai et al, 2008;Shi et al, 2022a). GETV was first isolated from Culex gelidus mosquitoes in Malaysia in 1955 (Zhai et al, 2008;Ren et al, 2020;Xing et al, 2020;Shi et al, 2022a;Sun et al, 2022). Since then, GETV has rapidly expanded its host range and geographical distribution (Zhai et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiological investigation of Getah virus in the China-Myanmar border area from 2022-2023

Liu,

Hu,

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Getah Virus (GETV) is an RNA virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause disease or death in a variety of vertebrates. Its prevalence is increasingly severe in Asia. This study conducted a GETV epidemiological investigation on 1,300 bovine sera collected in the Honghe Prefecture of Yunnan Province on the China-Myanmar border from 2022 to 2023. The positive rate of GETV antibodies in bovine serum in Honghe Prefecture was determined to be 20.25% through indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) methods. Using Real-time PCR methods to detect GETV RNA in bovine serum, the positive rate was 0.23% (3/1300), and viral nucleic acids were only detected in three bovine sera in Jianshui area in 2022. The YN2305 strain was successfully isolated from mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells and the complete gene sequence was obtained. All the above results indicate the existence of GETV infection in cattle in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Homology and genetic evolution analysis found that the isolated strain has a high homology with the JL1808 strain isolated from cattle in 2018, with a nucleotide identity of 100%, and a nucleotide identity of 99.8% with the SD17-09 strain isolated from foxes in 2017. Compared with the nucleotides of 44 virus strains published in Genbank, YN2305 has multiple nucleotide site mutations in the structural gene E2 and non-structural gene NS. The nucleotide and amino acid identity of the E2 gene are 94.2−100% and 96.4−100%, respectively. Genetic evolution analysis found that this virus strain is most closely related to the bovine origin JL1808, and it is in gene group III with HuN1, Kochi-01, SD17-09, MI-110-C1, and MI-110-C2 strains that causes significant clinical symptoms in Chinese pig, fox and horse populations, belonging to the same evolutionary branch. This study determined the infection rate, genotype, and main prevalence areas of GETV in bovine sera in the China-Myanmar border area. Therefore, the epidemiological investigation of GETV infection in multiple animal hosts should be further expanded, and research on its pathogenicity and vectors should be carried out.

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Molecular and serological surveillance of Getah virus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2017–2020

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

Development and application of an indirect ELISA for detecting equine IgG antibodies against Getah virus with recombinant E2 domain protein

Development and application of an indirect ELISA for detecting equine IgG antibodies against Getah virus with recombinant E2 domain protein

Development of a Blocking ELISA Method for Detection of Getah Virus Antibodies in Horse Sera

Seroepidemiological investigation of Getah virus in the China-Myanmar border area from 2022-2023

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