Molecular and morphological characterization of <i>Moniliophthora roreri</i> isolates from cacao in Ecuador

Maridueña-Zavala, María Gabriela; Villavicencio-Vásquez, Mirian Elizabeth; Cevallos-Cevallos, Juan Manuel; Peralta, Esther Lilia

doi:10.1080/07060661.2016.1261372

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Isolates of M. Roreri were obtained as indicated in previous reports 5 . Briefly, mature cacao pods showing FPD symptoms, including pod lesions with white to creamy mycelium, and internal pod tissues showing necrosis 17 , were collected from plantations located on Ecuador's coast.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The identity of each isolate was confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the ITS region. All of the obtained isolates were classified into one of the 14 morphology groups defined in previous reports 5 using the classification scale shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moniliophthora roreri-the causal agent of FPD-has been classified into 14 morphology groups, and various characteristics, including growth rate and genetic patterns of each group, were recently described 5 . To cause the disease, the pathogen infects plant-attached cacao pods and undergoes a biotrophic phase of up to 3 months before causing necrosis and spore masses over the pod's surface 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenicity of Moniliophthora roreri isolates from selected morphology groups in harvested cacao pods and in vitro sensitivity to compost tea.

Feijoo

Cevallos-Cevallos

2021

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Moniliopthora roreri is the frosty pod rot disease (FPD) and one of the most devastating cacao pathogens worldwide. However, M. roreri pathogenicity on harvested cacao pods and sensitivity to compost tea have not been fully described. Monosporic cultures of M. roreri from different morphology groups were obtained. The isolates’ pathogenicity was tested by inoculation onto harvested cacao pods, and symptoms were evaluated at 3-day intervals during 16 days before estimating the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The sensitivity of M. roreri to compost tea was evaluated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 1 to 5 % compost tea. All morphology groups could infect harvested cacao pods during the 16 days with a disease severity index abode 75 %. Compost tea completely inhibited the growth of M. roreri when used at 4.5 % or higher. Results suggest a shortened biotrophic phase during the infection in harvested pods and a medium to high sensitivity of M. roreri to compost tea.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenicity of Moniliophthora roreri isolates from selected morphology groups in harvested cacao pods and in vitro sensitivity to compost tea.

Feijoo

Cevallos-Cevallos

2021

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“…The isolate of M. roreri (CIBE-A12.1) was isolated from a sporulated cacao pod in the Amazon region (Maridueña-Zavala et al 2016) and M. perniciosa (CIBE-MP22) was isolated from symptomatic cacao stems in the Babahoyos in the province of Los Ríos (S-1°40'25'', O-79°32'44'', GenBank accession number KX913249), both from a 2011 field collections (Maridueña-Zavala 2011). All the isolates are conserved on both sterile distilled water and at -20°C (plus 25% of glycerol) in the Colección de Cultivos Microbianos del CIBE (WDCM 1151).…”

Section: Source Of Endophytic and Pathogenic Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Foliar endophytic fungi of Theobroma cacao stimulate more than inhibit Moniliophthora spp. growth and behave more as an endophytes than pathogens.

et al. 2020

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The two most disastrous diseases of Theobroma cacao in Ecuador are caused by the pathogenic fungi Moniliophthora roreri (MR, Frosty pod) and M. perniciosa (MP, Witches' broom). Both diseases are prevalent in Ecuador since its detection in 1916 and 1921, respectively. One hundred and twenty-six isolates were isolated from healthy T. cacao leaves, originated from five nurseries in the Ecuadorian Coast. Isolates were screened in vitro for their stimulation/inhibition of growth of MR & MP. The endophytic fungi influenced the growth of Moniliophthora spp. in different manners, 91/126 of the tested isolates stimulated somehow the colony growth of both pathogens, and only 30 and 5 isolates always inhibited the mycelial growth of MR & MP, respectively. The highest percentage of growth inhibitions against MR was 71%, but quite lower for MP (18%). Only two isolates caused symptoms of chlorosis and necrosis in leaves and fruits Phomopsis spp. (Ascomycota) and Psathyrella sp. (Basidiomycota). Twenty-four isolates from 11 taxa caused necrosis only fruits (Ascomycota: Phomopsis spp., Phoma sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.l., Fusarium decemcellulare, F. equiseti, F. solani, Nectria pseudotrichia, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Didymosphaeria futilis, Xylaria venosula and Basidiomycota: Ceriporia lacerata) and four isolates/taxa infected only leaves (Phomopsis spp., Pestalotiopsis microspora, Nigrospora sphaerica and one unidentifiable isolate of Xylariaceae sp.). The non-pathogenic isolate, Hypoxylon investiens, inhibited MR in 71%, but also stimulate the growth of MP in 3%. The second-best isolate (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) only inhibit MR and MP in 58 y 15%, respectively; and, although the isolate was not pathogenic, the specie is risky to develop a biological control agent. There was no promising isolate against both MR & MP.

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“…Several studies report the use of fungicides as a tactic within a FPR disease management in cacao farms (Anzules et al, 2019;Bailey et al, 2018;Bateman et al, 2005;Krauss et al, 2010;Terrero Yépez et al, 2018;Torres De La Cruz et al, 2013). In this context, the lack of cacao resistant clones (Yamashita & Fraaije, 2018;Zhao et al, 2019), high morphological and molecular diversity of pathogen (Maridueña-Zavala et al, 2016), and the disease development due to climatic variables (Leandro-Muñoz et al, 2017) make it necessary to develop programmed applications of fungicides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition and stimulation of mycelial growth of Moniliophthora roreri by flutolanil in populations of Ecuador

Amaya-Márquez

Espinoza-Lozano

Villavicencio-Vásquez

et al. 2022

Acta Agron.

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Frosty pod rot (FPR) of cacao is caused by Moniliophthora roreri (MR). Effective management must include chemical or biological control, in addition to agronomic tactics. Flutolanil has been effective in controlling FPR. The objective of this research was to determine the response to flutolanil of MR isolates from the Amazon and Coast regions of Ecuador. Percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI), and medium inhibitory concentration (IC50) against three concentrations of the fungicide were determined. One µg mL-1 of flutolanil in the culture medium inhibited completely the growth of the 76 MR isolates. At 0.1 μg mL-1, 74/76 were inhibited between 70-97 % compared to the control. Conversely, at the lower concentrations (0.01-0.001 μg mL-1) the results of inhibition were only of 22 % and 47 %, respectively. Four groups were identified: one included the most sensitive (66/76) to different degrees, and three groups representing 10 isolates that were stimulated at low concentrations of flutolanil. IC50 values were low, indicating very high sensitivity in the MR population. IC50max were 0.1342 and 0.1457 in two isolates from the Coast and the Amazon regions, respectively. Isolates from the Coast were significantly less sensitive to flutolanil than those from the Amazon ( IC50 = 0.046 ± 0.03 and IC50 = 0.030 ± 0.02, respectively), however, the differences were minimal. There were no significant differences when comparing the provinces. The most stimulated isolates were found in the provinces of Orellana and Los Ríos. It is concluded that flutolanil seems effective against the causal agent of FPR in Ecuador, both Coast and Amazon regions.

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Molecular and morphological characterization of Moniliophthora roreri isolates from cacao in Ecuador

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Pathogenicity of Moniliophthora roreri isolates from selected morphology groups in harvested cacao pods and in vitro sensitivity to compost tea.

Pathogenicity of Moniliophthora roreri isolates from selected morphology groups in harvested cacao pods and in vitro sensitivity to compost tea.

Foliar endophytic fungi of Theobroma cacao stimulate more than inhibit Moniliophthora spp. growth and behave more as an endophytes than pathogens.

Inhibition and stimulation of mycelial growth of Moniliophthora roreri by flutolanil in populations of Ecuador

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