“…Monomeric HA is the easiest form of subunit protein to produce, but has typically been ineffective in vaccine settings. 17,[43][44][45] Our ability to stimulate potent and effective single dose HA vaccines comes from the association of monomeric HA with TMV, a plant virus that in this context is acting both as a viral antigen display scaffold, and viral delivery mechanism. TMV can directly stimulate dendritic cell (DC) antigen uptake in vitro, 24 along with DC activation, migration of DCs to lymphoid organs and robust stimulation of antigen-specific B and T cells in vivo.…”