Molecular and epidemiological features of gastroenteritis outbreaks involving genogroup I norovirus in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2010

Bruggink, Leesa D.; Oluwatoyin, Osunneye; Sameer, Rizmina; Witlox, Kristie J.; Marshall, John A.

doi:10.1002/jmv.23342

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…GII noroviruses, especially the GII.4 strains, are the predominant cause of gastroenteritis, both in outbreaks and in sporadic cases worldwide (30). The prevalence and outbreak activity of the GI genogroup, which is the second most predominant genogroup, are limited (33), and reports of GIV around the world are also rare (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and molecular characterization of human norovirus in Erzurum, Turkey

Timurkan¹,

Aydın²,

Aktaş³

2017

Turk J Med Sci

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Background/aim: There are limited studies on genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of norovirus in Turkey, and this has not previously been studied in the Eastern Anatolia region. The aim of the present study was to determine the norovirus profile in this region with genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and methods:Included in the study were stool samples obtained from 427 people from different age groups in Eastern Anatolia. The nucleic acid samples isolated by the automatic system and nucleic acid sequence reactions and phylogenetic analyses were performed on RNA samples. Results:The presence of norovirus was detected in 86 (20.1%) of the 427 stool samples by RT-PCR analysis. Twenty-six samples selected randomly from norovirus-RNA positive samples were subjected to the sequence reaction. In 24 of the 26 samples, genogroup GII was determined, as well as one each from GI and GIV in sequence reactions. Four different genotypes were detected in genogroup GII, which were determined to be the dominant types. These were GII.1, GII.4, GII.16, and GII.21. The GI.6 and GIV.1 genotypes were determined in genogroups GI and GIV, respectively. Conclusion:The high frequency and genetic diversity of these infections are risk factors for disease and so vaccine studies should be undertaken in consideration of this situation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and molecular characterization of human norovirus in Erzurum, Turkey

Timurkan¹,

Aydın²,

Aktaş³

2017

Turk J Med Sci

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“…GI NoVs, apart from NV, are not as well studied and understood as their GII counterparts due to their lower prevalence. Recent epidemiological studies, however, show an increase in the prevalence of GI outbreaks worldwide, with different genotypes such as GI.4, GI.6, GI.3, and GI.7 predominating in different geographical regions (9)(10)(11)(12)(13). A study from Alberta, Canada, showed that GI NoVs were responsible for ϳ37% of all NoV infections from late 2012 to early 2013, with the majority being caused by GI.6 and GI.…”

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confidence: 99%

Structural Analysis of Determinants of Histo-Blood Group Antigen Binding Specificity in Genogroup I Noroviruses

Shanker

Czakó

Sankaran

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Human noroviruses (NoVs) cause acute epidemic gastroenteritis. Susceptibility to the majority of NoV infections is determined by genetically controlled secretor-dependent expression of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are also critical for NoV attachment to host cells. Human NoVs are classified into two major genogroups (genogroup I [GI] and GII), with each genogroup further divided into several genotypes. GII NoVs are more prevalent and exhibit periodic emergence of new variants, suggested to be driven by altered HBGA binding specificities and antigenic drift. Recent epidemiological studies show increased activity among GI NoVs, with some members showing the ability to bind nonsecretor HBGAs. NoVs bind HBGAs through the protruding (P) domain of the major capsid protein VP1. GI NoVs, similar to GII, exhibit significant sequence variations in the P domain; it is unclear how these variations affect HBGA binding specificities. To understand the determinants of possible strainspecific HBGA binding among GI NoVs, we determined the structure of the P domain of a GI.7 clinical isolate and compared it to the previously determined P domain structures of GI.1 and GI.2 strains. Our crystallographic studies revealed significant structural differences, particularly in the loop regions of the GI.7 P domain, altering its surface topography and electrostatic landscape and potentially indicating antigenic variation. The GI.7 strain bound to H-and A-type, Lewis secretor, and Lewis nonsecretor families of HBGAs, allowing us to further elucidate the structural determinants of nonsecretor HBGA binding among GI NoVs and to infer several contrasting and generalizable features of HBGA binding in the GI NoVs. IMPORTANCEHuman noroviruses (NoVs) cause acute epidemic gastroenteritis. Recent epidemiological studies have shown increased prevalence of genogroup I (GI) NoVs. Although secretor-positive status is strongly correlated with NoV infection, cases of NoV infection associated with secretor-negative individuals are reported. Biochemical studies have shown that GI NoVs exhibit genotypedependent binding to nonsecretor histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). From our crystallographic studies of a GI.7 NoV, in comparison with previous studies on GI.1 and GI.2 NoVs, we show that genotypic differences translate to extensive structural changes in the loop regions that significantly alter the surface topography and electrostatic landscape of the P domain; these features may be indicative of antigenic variations contributing to serotypic differentiation in GI NoVs and also differential modulation of the HBGA binding characteristics. A significant finding is that the threshold length and the structure of one of the loops are critical determinants in the binding of GI NoVs to nonsecretor HBGAs.

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“…Based on sequence variations in ORF2, 8 GI genotypes and at least 21 GII genotypes have been described using the numeric designation for the various strains (3,4,5). Another 14 GI genotypes and at least 29 GII genotypes have been described using numeric or alphabetic designations based on variations in ORF1.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Our understanding of NoV GI genetic evolution and outbreak activity are limited due to the overall low prevalence of GI outbreaks (4). GI strains appear to be more common in outbreak settings other than health care facilities, and different GI genotypes predominate over time (4,10).…”

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Emergence of a New Norovirus GII.4 Variant and Changes in the Historical Biennial Pattern of Norovirus Outbreak Activity in Alberta, Canada, from 2008 to 2013

et al. 2013

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The public health impact of the emergence of new norovirus (NoV) strains is uncertain. A biennial pattern of alternating quiescent and epidemic levels of NoV outbreak activity associated with the emergence of new GII.4 variants was observed in Alberta, Canada, between July 2000 and June 2008. In this study, NoV genogroup I (GI) and GII strains isolated from 710 outbreak specimens in Alberta between July 2008 and January 2013 were characterized to update historical data. The seasonality and annual variation in NoV outbreak burden were analyzed over a 10-year period (July 2002 to June 2012). We found that GII.4-2006b had persisted as the predominant variant over three observation periods (July 2006 to June 2009) during which the biennial NoV outbreak pattern continued. The emergence of GII.4-2010 (winter 2009) was not associated with increased outbreak activity, and outbreak activity between July 2009 and June 2012 when GII.4-2010 predominated (67.5 to 97.7%) did not follow a biennial pattern. GII.4-2012 first emerged in Alberta in September 2011 and became predominant in observation period July 2012 to June 2013. NoV GI, relatively rare in past years, had a higher activity level (37.3%) as represented by GI.6 and GI.7 in the winter of 2012 to 2013. A higher proportion of GI outbreaks occurred in non-health care facility settings compared to GII. Our study suggests that factors other than new variants emergence contribute to the levels of NoV outbreak activity in Alberta.

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Molecular and epidemiological features of gastroenteritis outbreaks involving genogroup I norovirus in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2010

Cited by 28 publications

References 21 publications

Frequency and molecular characterization of human norovirus in Erzurum, Turkey

Frequency and molecular characterization of human norovirus in Erzurum, Turkey

Structural Analysis of Determinants of Histo-Blood Group Antigen Binding Specificity in Genogroup I Noroviruses

Emergence of a New Norovirus GII.4 Variant and Changes in the Historical Biennial Pattern of Norovirus Outbreak Activity in Alberta, Canada, from 2008 to 2013

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