Molecular analysis of zebrafish photolyase/cryptochrome family: two types of cryptochromes present in zebrafish

Kobayashi, Yuri; Ishikawa, Tomoko; Hirayama, Jun; Daiyasu, Hiromi; Kanai, Setsuko; Toh, Hiroyuki; Fukuda, Itsuki; Tsujimura, Tohru; Terada, Nobuyuki; Kamei, Yasuhiro; Yuba, Shunsuke; Iwai, Shigenori; Todo, Tomoki

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00364.x

Cited by 188 publications

(214 citation statements)

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“…53,61) Investigation of the in vitro functions of these genes has shown that they fall into two groups: one group inhibits CLOCK:BMAL-mediated transcription (repressor type CRYs: zCRY1a, 1b, 2a and 2b), whereas the other group does not inhibit transcription (non-repressor type CRYs: zCRY3, 4 and Dash). 61,62) Despite its structural and functional similarities to the repressor type CRYs, zCry1a transcription is quite different from that of the other repressor type CRYs and is strictly light-dependent (Fig. 1, top).…”

Section: Redox Signaling Is Involved In the Light Entrainment Of The mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Common Origin: Signaling Similarities in the Regulation of the Circadian Clock and DNA Damage Responses

Uchida

Hirayama

Nishina

2010

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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INTRODUCTIONFrom bacteria to humans, almost all organisms can adapt the timing of their physiology to the cyclic changes of their environment, thanks to a naturally-selected intrinsic timekeeping system called the circadian clock. 1) The circadian clock enhances the physiological efficiency and survival of an organism by organizing its behavior and body functions. 2,3) During the circadian day, the organism's physiology is given over to catabolic processes, whereas the anabolic functions of growth, repair and consolidation occur at night. To achieve this schedule in mammals, the circadian clock regulates a number of physiological functions, including sleep and wakefulness, food intake, body temperature, cardiovascular and renal activity, hormone production, hepatic metabolism and immune responses. 4,5) Accordingly, disruption of the circadian clock in humans has been linked to profound effects on health, including insomnia, stomach ailments, depression and cancer. 4,5) In most organisms, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of biological rhythms comprise interconnected transcription-translation feedback loops in which some clock factors repress their own transcription once they have attained critical levels. 2,3) These oscillators have the property of being endogenous and cellautonomous systems that maintain their rhythm in the absence of external time cues. 6) Both vertebrates and invertebrates have circadian oscillators scattered throughout their bodies. 7,8) In mammals, the circadian system is composed of both central and peripheral oscillators. 7) The mammalian central clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) within the anterior hypothalamus of the brain. 9) This central clock acts as a coordinator and provides time signals via both neural and humoral routes that entrain independent peripheral clocks. Dysfunction of the central clock does not inactivate the peripheral clocks but instead causes individual peripheral oscillators to become temporally uncoupled. [10][11][12] To guarantee that an organism's behavior remains tied to the rhythms of its environment, the circadian clock must be able to reset itself in response to environmental cues. 9,13,14) The main environmental stimulus for organisms is light, which is provided in day-night cycles. Mammals have no photoreceptors in peripheral tissues, 15) so that the effect of light on peripheral clocks is indirect. 13) For the mammalian clock, the SCN integrates photic cues from the retina and uses neural and humoral signals to transmit this information to peripheral clocks, synchronizing them. [16][17][18] This communication between the central and peripheral clocks results in the seamless regulation of fundamental physiological functions. 4,8) Interestingly, peripheral clocks can also respond directly to SCN-independent signals such as feeding and temperature change. 19,20) However, the physiological role of SCN-independent responses of peripheral clocks is not yet fully understood. A recent study has reported that ...

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Section: Redox Signaling Is Involved In the Light Entrainment Of The mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Common Origin: Signaling Similarities in the Regulation of the Circadian Clock and DNA Damage Responses

Uchida

Hirayama

Nishina

2010

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…Despite sharing a well conserved primary structure, the three CRYs differ markedly in their functional activities. zCRY1a, as well as mCRY1, represses CLOCK:BMAL-mediated transcription, whereas zCRY3 does not (16,20). We took advantage of the similarities between the nucleotide/amino acid sequences and the differences in transcriptional repressor activities of zCRY1a and -3 to produce zCRY1a-3 chimeras, which permitted mapping of the region responsible for transcriptional repressor activity.…”

Section: Construction Of Chimeric Zcrys With Exchanged Zcry1a and Zcry3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four repressor-type zCRYs (zCRY1a, -1b, -2a, and -2b) have been identified in zebrafish. They repress the activities of mouse CLOCK and BMAL, as well as those of zebrafish CLOCK and BMAL, indicative that the basic function of re-pressor-type zCRYs is the same as that of mCRYs (16,19,20). A unique feature of zebrafish CRY is the presence of extra paralogous genes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Functional and Structural Analyses of Cryptochrome

Hirayama

Nakamura

Ishikawa

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Mouse mCRY1 and zebrafish zCRY1a and zCRY3 belong to the DNA photolyase/Cryptochrome family. mCRY1 and zCRY1a repress CLOCK:BMAL1-mediated transcription, whereas zCRY3 does not. Reciprocal chimeras between zCRY1a and zCRY3 were generated to determine the zCRY1a regions responsible for nuclear translocation, interaction with the CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimer, and repression of CLOCK:BMAL1-mediated transcription. Three regions, RD-2a-(126 -196), RD-1-(197-263), and RD-2b-(264 -293), were identified. Proteins in this family consist of an N-terminal ␣/␤ domain and a C-terminal helical domain connected by an interdomain loop. RD-2a is within this loop, RD-1 is at the N-terminal 50 amino acids, and RD-2b at the following 31 amino acid residues of the helical domain. Either RD-2a or RD-1 is required for interaction with the CLOCK: BMAL1 heterodimer, and either RD-1 or RD-2b is required for the nuclear translocation of CRY. Both of these functions are prerequisites for the transcriptional repressor activity. The functional nuclear localizing signal in the RD-2b region also was identified. The sequence is well conserved among repressor-type CRYs, including mCRY1. Mutations in the nuclear localizing signal of mCRY1 reduce the extent of its nuclear localization. These findings show that both nuclear localization and interaction with the CLOCK:BMAL heterodimer are essential for transcriptional repression by CRY.Organisms ranging from bacteria to humans have daily rhythms driven by endogenous oscillators called circadian clocks that regulate various biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes with a periodicity of approximate by 24 h (1-3). Under natural conditions, rhythms are entrained to a 24-h day by environmental time cues, most commonly light. These circadian clock mechanisms have been investigated by characterizing the "clock genes" that affect the daily rhythm. The core of the clock mechanisms in Drosophila, Neurospora, mammals, and cyanobacteria is expressed by a transcription/ translation-based negative feedback loop that relies on positive and negative oscillator elements. The negative feedback loop begins by activating the transcription of clock genes, the products of which then negatively regulate their own expression, setting up the rhythmic oscillations of gene expression that drive the circadian clock. Although negative feedback loop is a common mechanism in Drosophila, Neurospora, mammals, and cyanobacteria, its components differ with the species. Drosophila and mammals have common components (orthologous gene products), except for the negative elements TIM 1 (TIMELESS) and CRY (Cryptochrome). PER (PERIOD), and TIM, identified as the negative elements in Drosophila, form a heterodimer that translocates to the nucleus where its components interact with the positive elements dCLOCK and CYC (4). Formation of a complex decreases dCLOCK:CYC-mediated transcription, resulting in the repression of expression (5, 6). In mammals, CRY1 and CRY2 are partners of the PER heterodimer, rather than TIM. In mammals, the mP...

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“…This type of Cry does not inhibit CLOCK:BMAL1-mediated transcription, but functions instead as a light-dependent suppressor of PER/TIM-mediated inhibition of transcription (Ceriani et al, 1999). Former studies on zebrafish have shown that there are six Cry proteins, with Cry1aa, Cry1ab, Cry1ba and Cry1bb being mammalian-like, and Cry2 and Cry4 being Drosophila-like (Kobayashi et al, 2000;Liu et al, 2015;Zhou et al, 2016). The evolutionary relationship between zebrafish cry genes and other animals were also explored, and different nomenclature systems were introduced in the above studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of medaka magnetoreceptor and cryptochromes

Chen

Zhu

Hong

2016

Sci. China Life Sci.

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Magnetoreception is a hallmark ability of animals for orientation and migration via sensing and utilizing geomagnetic fields. Magnetoreceptor (MagR) and cryptochromes (Cry) have recently been identified as the basis for magnetoreception in Drosophila. However, it has remained unknown whether MagR and Cry have conserved roles in diverse animals. Here we report the identification and expression of magr and cry genes in the fish medaka (Oryzias latipes). Cloning and sequencing identified a single magr gene, four cry genes and one cry-like gene in medaka. By sequence alignment, chromosomal synteny and gene structure analysis, medaka cry2 and magr were found to be the orthologs of human Cry2 and Magr, with cry1aa and cry1ab being coorthologs of human Cry1. Therefore, magr and cry2 have remained as single copy genes, whereas cry1 has undergone two rounds of gene duplication in medaka. Interestingly, magr and cry genes were detected in various stages throughout embryogenesis and displayed ubiquitous expression in adult organs rather than specific or preferential expression in neural organs such as brain and eye. Importantly, magr knockdown by morpholino did not produce visible abnormality in developing embryos, pointing to the possibility of producing viable magr knockouts in medaka as a vertebrate model for magnet biology. magnetoreception, MagR, cryptochrome, magnetogenetics

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Molecular analysis of zebrafish photolyase/cryptochrome family: two types of cryptochromes present in zebrafish

Cited by 188 publications

References 51 publications

A Common Origin: Signaling Similarities in the Regulation of the Circadian Clock and DNA Damage Responses

A Common Origin: Signaling Similarities in the Regulation of the Circadian Clock and DNA Damage Responses

Functional and Structural Analyses of Cryptochrome

Identification of medaka magnetoreceptor and cryptochromes

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