Molecular action of androgens

Gobinet, Jérôme; Poujol, Nicolas; Sultan, C.

doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00364-7

Cited by 122 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Furthermore, administration of testosterone (without strength training) increases the content of androgen receptors in animal muscles (Carson et al 2002;Lee et al 2003) and humans (Ferrando et al 2002). This is in line with the suggestion that androgens increase their receptor expression (Bhasin et al 2001;Esposito et al 2002;Gobinet et al 2002). Furthermore, a correlation has been observed between the content of androgen receptors in the m.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation

Rønnestad¹,

Nygaard²,

Raastad

2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Rønnestad, B. R., Nygaard, H., Raastad, T. (2011) ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of transiently elevated endogenous hormone concentrations during exercise on strength training adaptations. Nine subjects performed four unilateral strength training session per week on the elbow flexors for 11 weeks. During two of the weekly sessions, leg exercises were performed to acutely increase the systemic anabolic hormone concentration immediately before the exercises for one of the elbow flexors (L+A). On the two other weekly training sessions, the contralateral elbow flexors were trained without prior leg exercises (A). By randomizing one arm of the subjects to serve as a control and the other as experimental, both conditions have the same nutritional and genetic environment. Serum testosterone and growth hormone was significantly increased during the L+A training session, while no hormonal changes occurred in the A session. Both A and L+A increased 1RM in biceps curl, peak power in elbow flexors at 30% and 60% of 1RM, and muscle volume of the elbow flexors (p<0.05). However, only L+A achieved increase in CSA at the part of the arm flexors with largest cross sectional area (p<0.001), while no changes occurred in A. L+A had superior relative improvement in 1RM biceps curl and favorable muscle adaptations in elbow flexors compared to A (p<0.05). In conclusion, performing leg exercises prior to arm exercises, and thereby increasing the levels of serum testosterone and growth hormone, induced superior strength training adaptations compared to arm training without acute elevation of hormones.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation

Rønnestad¹,

Nygaard²,

Raastad

2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…Users aim to "activate more receptor sites" with androgen stacks [165]. In that only one genomic androgen receptor has been identified [67], the biochemical rationale for stacking seems weak at face value. However, considering that each AAS has a unique balance of androgenic, anabolic, estrogenic, anesthetic, and lipolytic effects, the empirical effectiveness of stacks should not be easily dismissed.…”

Section: • Just Say No: Aas Reinforcement and Dependence In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? Insights from animals and humans

Wood

2008

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

136

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Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are drugs of abuse. They are taken in large quantities by athletes and others to increase performance, with negative health consequences. As a result, in 1991 testosterone and related AAS were declared controlled substances. However, the relative abuse and dependence liability of AAS have not been fully characterized. In humans, it is difficult to separate the direct psychoactive effects of AAS from reinforcement due to their systemic anabolic effects. However, using conditioned place preference and self-administration, studies in animals have demonstrated that AAS are reinforcing in a context where athletic performance is irrelevant. Furthermore, AAS share brain sites of action and neurotransmitter systems in common with other drugs of abuse. In particular, recent evidence links AAS with opioids. In humans, AAS abuse is associated with prescription opioid use. In animals, AAS overdose produces symptoms resembling opioid overdose, and AAS modify the activity of the endogenous opioid system. KeywordsAnabolic agents; Testosterone; self-administration; hamsters; drug dependence • Breakfast of champions: Recent history and prevalence of AAS useAnabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a hot topic. A search of the Google news archive in March 2007 reveals 47,500 news stories on "steroids" in 2006, a 400% increase since their debut in the archive in 2002. In 2006, "steroids" even surpassed trend-setters such as "Paris Hilton" (38,500 stories) or "spinach" (42,700 stories). Current media attention on AAS abuse has been driven by accusations of steroid use among professional athletes in baseball, track, and cycling. However, public recognition of AAS use in sports dates back nearly 20 years, when Ben Johnson tested positive for stanozolol at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 [77]. Eastern Block athletes had been using steroids since the 1950's, and the International Olympic Committee banned steroid use from Olympic competition in 1976. However, the ability to reliably detect androgen metabolites in urine samples was limited until the advent of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [89]. Johnson's drug test spurred the United States Congress to pass the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1991 which declared steroids as Address all reprint requests and correspondence to Ruth I. Wood, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St., BMT 401, Los Angeles, CA 90033. Telephone (323) 442-1980, Fax: (323) 442-3466, e-mail: riw@usc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain....

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“…These coregulators use multiple mechanisms to influence AR transcription. They modulate in: remodeling or recruitment of general transcription factors; phosphorylation or ubiquitination of AR; appropriate folding of AR; ligand binding capability of AR; nuclear translocation of AR; and N-and C-terminus interaction of AR (28,29). Currently, we are not sure of the exact mechanism by which Rwdd1 affects AR signaling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%