“…In humans, the val66met polymorphism of the BDNF gene affects the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) only in men and increases the risk of MS only in women (Mirowska‐Guzel, Mach, Gromadzka, Czlonkowski, & Czlonkowska, 2008). These differences may be explained by interactions between BDNF and sex hormones such as estradiol (Begliuomini et al., 2007; Sohrabji, Miranda, & Toran‐Allerand, 1995) and testosterone (Hill, Wu, Kwek, & van den Buuse, 2012; Verhovshek, Cai, Osborne, & Sengelaub, 2010). In rats, estrogen has been shown to regulate BDNF mRNA levels, possibly via an estrogen response element on the BDNF gene (Sohrabji et al., 1995).…”