Modulatory effect of mycobacterium cell wall extract (Regressin) on lymphocyte blastogenic activity and macrophage cytokine gene transcription in swine

Abstract

Mycobacterium cell wall extract (MCWE) (Regressin) contains trehalose dimycolate and muramyl dipeptide, both of which have immunomodulatory properties. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of MCWE on the in vitro peripheral blood lymphocyte blastogenic activities to mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) in 6-to 8-week-old piglets. The effect of MCWE on alveolar macrophage tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) and interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤) gene transcription, as determined by a reverse transcription-PCR assay standardized with the endogenous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, was also investigated. The results show enhanced blastogenic lymphocyte activities to mitogens PHA and ConA in MCWE-exposed cell cultures compared to those of control cell cultures. The enhanced blastogenic activity effect of MCWE was dose dependent. The cell background activity (spontaneous [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation) of lymphocyte cultures was also significantly increased in the presence of MCWE, thereby demonstrating a lymphocyte mitogenic effect of MCWE. Cytokine gene transcription analysis showed that the TNF-␣ transcript levels in alveolar macrophage cell cultures stimulated with MCWE for 6 or 16 h were enhanced compared with those in control cell cultures. An enhancement of IL-1␤ mRNA levels in cell cultures stimulated for 16 h with MCWE, compared with those in control cell cultures, was also observed. The overall results demonstrate that MCWE can stimulate lymphocyte functional activity and cytokine mRNA expression in swine, thereby indicating its potential use as a clinical immunotherapeutic agent.

The effect of natural adjuvants on tracheal responsiveness and cell count in lung lavage of sensitized guinea pigs

“…In fact, stimulatory effects of these adjuvants on Th1 cells have also been observed 23 . Previous studies also showed effects of calf spleen extract on the immune system 13–16 and potential clinical immunotherapeutic effects of Mycobacteria , 17–21 supporting the findings from the present study.…”

“…The hygiene hypothesis suggests that early‐life environmental exposure to microbes, other pathogens and their products promotes innate immune responses that suppress atopy, including both Th1‐type patterns 17 . Mycobacterium cell wall extract can stimulate lymphocyte functional activity and cytokine mRNA expression in swine, 18 and exposure to Mycobacteria or mycobacterial proteins led to subsequent reduction in different atopic manifestations 19 . Intratracheal administration of M. vaccae ameliorated airway histopathological features in a murine asthma model, 20 and effects of heat‐killed M. vaccae (SRL172) on allergen‐induced airway responses have also been demonstrated 21 …”

The Effect of Natural Adjuvants on Pathological Changes in Sensitized Guinea Pig Lungs

“…The promotion of innate immune responses and atopy suppress; which include TH1-type patterns in individuals with early-life environmental exposure to microorganisms and their products were documented ( 14 ). Stimulation of lymphocyte functional activity and cytokine mRNA expression in swine by mycobacterium cell wall extract was also shown ( 15 ). Exposure to Mycobacteria or mycobacterial proteins led to reduction in different atopic manifestations ( 16 ).…”

Effects of the Administration of a Non-specific Immune Stimulant Around Transportation on Health and Performance of Jersey and Jersey-Cross Heifer Calves During the Rearing Period: Randomized Clinical Trial

“…Among the products available on the market, a mycobacterium cell wall fraction immune stimulant is approved for the reduction of clinical signs and mortality associated with K99 Escherichia coli diarrhea in neonatal calves (Amplimune®, NovaVive Inc., Napanee, ON, Canada). Additionally, mycobacterium cell wall fraction immune stimulants have been shown to modulate innate immune response and stimulate lymphocyte functional activity, in vivo and in vitro , in other species within hours of administration and last only for a few days ( 22 – 25 ). Considering that immune stimulation can induce early activation of the non-specific innate immune system of newborn dairy calves and provide the first line of defense against microbial pathogens ( 26 , 27 ), this study was designed to evaluate the effects of this commercially available IS on health and performance of pre-weaned Jersey and Jersey-cross calves following transportation.…”