Modulation transfer function measurements of HgCdTe long wavelength infrared arrays for the Near-Earth Object Surveyor

Zengilowski, Gregory R.; McMurtry, Craig W.; Pipher, J. L.; Reilly, Nicholas S.; Dorn, Meghan L.; Mainzer, Amy; Wong, Aileen; Reinhart, Lennon; Newswander, Trent; Luder, Ryan

doi:10.1117/1.jatis.8.1.016002

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…At SEL1, the Earth and Moon are sufficiently distant that their thermal radiation onto the spacecraft can be managed purely passively. Combined with the other thermal protections, this design allows the NEO Surveyor instrument performance to be limited by the natural astrophysical background in the NC2 channel (predominantly zodiacal dust emission; Leinert et al 1998;Wright 1998), with the telescope required to remain below 57 K. The NC2 detectors must be maintained below 40 K (McMurtry et al 2013;Dorn et al 2016;Zengilowski et al 2021Zengilowski et al , 2022 to ensure that their dark currents do not dominate over the minimum expected zodiacal background signal over the field of regard. The detectors are nonlinearly sensitive to temperature, and the temperature requirements are designed to limit heat input into the arrays.…”

Section: Mission Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Near-Earth Object Surveyor Mission

Mainzer,

Masiero,

Abell

et al. 2023

Planet. Sci. J.

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The Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor mission is a NASA Observatory designed to discover and characterize asteroids and comets. The mission’s primary objective is to find the majority of objects large enough to cause severe regional impact damage (>140 m in effective spherical diameter) within its 5 yr baseline survey. Operating at the Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange point, the mission will survey to within 45° of the Sun in an effort to find objects in the most Earth-like orbits. The survey cadence is optimized to provide observational arcs long enough to distinguish near-Earth objects from more distant small bodies that cannot pose an impact hazard reliably. Over the course of its survey, NEO Surveyor will discover ∼200,000–300,000 new NEOs down to sizes as small as ∼10 m and thousands of comets, significantly improving our understanding of the probability of an Earth impact over the next century.

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Section: Mission Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Near-Earth Object Surveyor Mission

Mainzer,

Masiero,

Abell

et al. 2023

Planet. Sci. J.

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“…For further details on the theoretical principles the reader is referred to section 4.1. For terrestrial applications the variety of test set-ups to determine the MTF in both VIS 20,21 and IR 22,23 spectral regions is manifold. In space, however, the situation is different.…”

Section: In-orbit Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Projecting the pixels along the edge direction onto the horizontal axis and binning and averaging them afterwards gives the ESF eventually. [21][22][23]25 Also, fitting similar shaped functions such as a Fermi function or the distribution of a Gaussian function through the acquired data is a common approach to approximate the ESF. 21 However, the standardized slanted edge method has a major disadvantage that affects the accuracy of the MTF method.…”

Section: Theory Of Mtf Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,27,28 Given such a radiation source potential test targets need to be illuminated from behind. IR MTF set-ups further need to consider increased dark current that is thermally induced by the environmental temperature 22 as well as potential optical distortions due to vibrations of a cooler of MWIR devices. 28 When considering an imaging system for use in space that should be able to investigate targets that are in hundreds or thousands kilometers distance, the angle of incidence must also be taken into account.…”

Section: Mtf Measurements In the Mwir Spectral Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and testing of a multi-spectral and multi-field of view imaging system for space-based signature detection and tracking of hypersonic vehicles

Müller

Sander

Mundt

2023

Sensors and Systems for Space Applications XVI

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Hypersonic glide vehicles can glide several thousand kilometers through the Earth's atmosphere at hypersonic Mach numbers. Their inherent characteristics make them difficult to detect by both ground-based and spacebased sensors. The Universität der Bundeswehr München aims to demonstrate the capability of the Multispectral Object Sensing by Artificial Intelligence-processed Cameras (MOSAIC) experiment to detect and track radiation signatures of hypersonic glide vehicles from Low Earth Orbit on-board the small-satellite ATHENE-1. The payload consists of a cryo-cooled mid-wave infrared sensor with a pixel count of more than 1 M P x. The use of variable optics increases flexibility with regards to spatial and spectral resolution. Spectral filter selection is based on atmospheric simulations. A 25 M P x color imager sensitive in the visible spectrum is implemented together with a fixed focal length lens for complementary cross validation of detection by postprocessing onground. Both imagers are processed on-board the satellite by a high-performance computer that accelerates artificial intelligence image processing methods. All components used are commercial-off-the-shelf components that are tested and modified for their application in space at the Universität der Bundeswehr München. Two test set-ups are developed to characterize the modulation transfer function of the optical systems. Besides an ISO 12233 approach in the visible spectrum, an infinite-conjugate back-illuminated set-up is implemented for the infrared system. This study outlines design drivers and their specific solution approaches for an early warning system for a small-satellite application. A brief analysis of the radiometric budget forms the basis for a further preliminary design. Finally, test set-ups for performance validation are outlined.

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Analysis of Edge Method Accuracy and Practical Multidirectional Modulation Transfer Function Measurement

Wang²,

Piao³

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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The modulation transfer function (MTF) is commonly used as an imaging quality criterion reflecting the spatial resolution capability of imaging systems. The modified edge methods based on ISO Standard 12233 are widely used in MTF measurement for various imaging fields with high confidence. However, there are two problems in the existing edge methods which limit the application in remote sensing (RS) field with complicated image quality and usually uncontrollable edge angle: a near-horizontal or near-vertical “small tilt angle straight (STAS)” edge is required, and the MTF measurement results show low robustness and non-uniqueness. In this study, the influence of edge angle, oversampling rate (OSR), region of interest (ROI), edge contrast, and random noise on the edge method accuracy is quantitatively analyzed, and a practical multidirectional MTF measurement edge method is proposed based on the above analysis results. The modified edge method adaptively determines the optimal OSR according to edge angle and combines multiple measurement states, such as multi-ROI extraction and multi-phase binning, to improve the robustness, accuracy, and practicality of the edge method.

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Modulation transfer function measurements of HgCdTe long wavelength infrared arrays for the Near-Earth Object Surveyor

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

The Near-Earth Object Surveyor Mission

The Near-Earth Object Surveyor Mission

Development and testing of a multi-spectral and multi-field of view imaging system for space-based signature detection and tracking of hypersonic vehicles

Analysis of Edge Method Accuracy and Practical Multidirectional Modulation Transfer Function Measurement

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