Modulation Techniques

Kaminow, I. P.; Li, Tingye

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-497350-3.50023-6

Cited by 9 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 137 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…1 PCD does not contribute significantly to the system degrading caused by second-order PMD. 1,7 The frequencydependent eigenvector of the transmission matrix of the PMD-dominated fiber channel tends to process at a nearly constant PSP depolarization rate within a certain limited bandwidth. Compensating the PSP depolarization within certain limited bandwidth around the carrier frequency can mitigate the higher-order PMD degrading effects effectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second-order PMD is decided by the change of DGD with wavelength ͑PCD͒ and the rotation of PSPs with frequency ͑PSP depolarization͒. 1 PCD does not contribute significantly to the system degrading caused by second-order PMD. 1,7 The frequencydependent eigenvector of the transmission matrix of the PMD-dominated fiber channel tends to process at a nearly constant PSP depolarization rate within a certain limited bandwidth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optical compensators are effective to reduce the system degrading effects caused by PMD. 1 Recently, we proposed a new higher-order optical PMD compensator in Ref. 2 where the outage probability ͑the probability of the PMD-induced bit error rate ͑BER͒ exceeding the allowed value 10 −12 ͒ is used to evaluate the efficiency of our proposed compensator.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The frequencydependent PMD vector can be defined in terms of a Taylor expansion in angular frequency . Second-order PMD is decided by the change of DGD with wavelength ͑PCD͒ and the rotation of PSPs with frequency ͑PSP depolarization͒.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Higher-order optical polarization mode dispersion compensator evaluation using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation

Yang

Wang

2006

Opt. Eng

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract.We describe how to use Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation ͑MCMC͒ to accurately estimate the outage probability of the optical communication system compensated by higher-order optical polarization mode dispersion ͑PMD͒ compensators. Markov chain fiber channel samples can drastically reduce the number of simulations required to estimate the outage probability of the compensated systems to 10 −6 or less. Using MCMC, the efficiency of our proposed higher-order optical PMD compensator is proved further, and the accuracy of MCMC is affirmed. As the bit rate and the transmission distance of optical fiber communication systems continue to increase, the signal distortion caused by polarization mode dispersion ͑PMD͒ in optical fiber channels is becoming a major limitation of system performance improvement. Optical compensators are effective to reduce the system degrading effects caused by PMD.1 Recently, we proposed a new higher-order optical PMD compensator in Ref. 2 where the outage probability ͑the probability of the PMD-induced bit error rate ͑BER͒ exceeding the allowed value 10 −12 ͒ is used to evaluate the efficiency of our proposed compensator. Using standard Monte Carlo ͑MC͒ simulation to produce the optical fiber channel samples, 2 the outage probability of the compensated systems is estimated down to less than 10 −3 . In practical system design, one demands that the PMDinduced outage probability is typically 10 −6 or less. Estimating the outage probability of the compensated systems down to extremely low values can give the system designer more meaningful information. Using MC as the simulation tool cannot meet this requirement because an extremely large number of system configuration samples must be produced to obtain a reliable estimate.Markov chain Monte Carlo ͑MCMC͒ simulation can provide a fast and accurate estimate of outage probability down to extremely low values. MCMC is based on a series of Markov chain fiber channel samples and the simulated annealing algorithm introduced by Metropolis et al.3-5 Secondini et al. have applied this approach to evaluate the outage probability in the first-order compensated system. 6 In this letter, the application of MCMC to accurately estimating the outage probability of the optical communication system compensated by higher-order optical PMD compensators is described. Markov chain fiber channel samples can drastically reduce the number of simulations required to calculate the outage probability of the compensated systems down to extremely low values. Using MCMC, we estimate the outage probability of the optical system compensated by our proposed higher-order optical PMD compensator down to 10 −7 . Our proposed compensator always outperforms the referenced higher-order optical compensation scheme. The accuracy of MCMC is affirmed, too.The principle states of polarization ͑PSPs͒ and the differential group delay ͑DGD͒ in the fiber channel that determine the PMD effects in the optical communication system are described by the PMD vector.1 The frequencydependent P...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Higher-order optical polarization mode dispersion compensator evaluation using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation

Yang

Wang

2006

Opt. Eng

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The use of optical PMD compensators ͑OPMDCs͒ is effective to reduce the system degrading effects caused by PMD. [1][2][3] The design of OPMDCs is mainly based on launching the signal into the principal state of polarization ͑PSP͒ or a cascade of polarization controllers ͑PCs͒ and differential group delay ͑DGD͒ elements. [1][2][3] PSP launch and the OPMDCs with one PC and one fixed or variable DGD element are typical firstorder OPMDCs which can only compensate the PMD to first order.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New optical compensator for higher-order polarization mode dispersion in optical fiber channels

Yang

Wang

2006

Opt. Eng

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. We propose a new optical compensator for both first-order and higher-order polarization mode dispersion ͑PMD͒ effects in an optical fiber channel. The compensation scheme needs just one more polarization controller and one more variable differential group delay ͑DGD͒ element than first-order optical compensators with adjustable DGD elements. And the control algorithm for this compensator is easier and more stable than that for the typical higher-order optical polarization mode dispersion compensators. By an advised control method, the proposed compensator can always have better performance than first-order optical compensators. Numerical results are given to prove the efficiency of the proposed compensation scheme.

show abstract

Electro‐optic Devices

Maldonado

2007

The Optics Encyclopedia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electro-optic devices can be designed to modulate various properties of a light wave, including phase, polarization, amplitude, frequency, and even its direction of propagation. Research over the years has focused on developing materials and complementary device geometries that together can yield desirable device performance for a large number of applications. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental modes of operation for devices that alter the optical properties of materials in a controlled way for achieving light modulation. A mathematical treatment of light propagation in anisotropic and electro-optically active media is presented to enable the device designer to quantify the modulation of light as well as the effects of slight misalignments of the structure on polarization and energy flow. Various classes of materials investigated for electro-optic devices are presented; these include inorganic crystals, organic crystals, liquid crystals, semiconductors, and dye-doped polymers. Possible device geometries include bulk, integrated optical waveguides, and optical fibers. In addition, performance criteria are defined, and a wide range of applications for these devices are summarized.

show abstract

Modulation Techniques

Cited by 9 publications

References 137 publications

Higher-order optical polarization mode dispersion compensator evaluation using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation

Higher-order optical polarization mode dispersion compensator evaluation using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation

New optical compensator for higher-order polarization mode dispersion in optical fiber channels

Electro‐optic Devices

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About