Modulation of Slow Cortical Potentials by Instrumentally Learned Blood Pressure Responses

Elbert, Thomas; Roberts, Larry E.; Lutzenberger, Werner; Birbaumer, Niels

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01678.x

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It has to be assumed that phasically induced lowering of blood pressure leads to baroreceptor inhibition, which is, in turn, related to enhanced cortical activation that can be observed in more negative CNV amplitudes (Elbert et al, 1992;Rau et al, 1993). This suggests that results on phasically lowered blood pressure cannot be generalised to chronic low blood pressure, or vice versa.…”

Section: 47mentioning

confidence: 80%

Early contingent negative variation of the EEG and attentional flexibility are reduced in hypotension

Weisz¹,

Schandry²,

Jacobs³

et al. 2002

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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This study explored the question as to whether hypotension is related to decreased attentional performance and reduced cortical activation. A total of 50 females aged 19-44 years participated in the study. Attentional performance was assessed using three subtests of the Attentional and Cognitive Efficiency (ACE) battery. Contingent negative variation (CNV) as a measure of cortical activation was registered during a constant fore-period reaction time paradigm: two conditions were defined using tones as S1 (80 or 60 dB) and S2 (70 dB). The following results were obtained. Hypotensive patients performed significantly more poorly on one subtest of the ACE, which indicates a reduced speed for switching from a routine to a controlled response (quantifying attentional flexibility). They also had longer reaction times and revealed a significantly smaller amplitude of the early CNV component. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between systolic blood pressure and the amplitude of the early CNV component. The data support previous findings that hypotension can be related to lowered cortical activation and indicate that specific aspects of attentional performance might be negatively affected by hypotension. ᮊ 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Hypotension; Systolic blood pressure; Contingent negative variation; Reaction time; Attentional flexibility; ACE battery Essential hypotension can be described as the chronic condition of low blood pressure that is independent from another illness or pathology. There is no general agreement as to when exactly the diagnosis 'hypotension' applies. Most authors *Corresponding author. Tel.: q49-7531-88-4606; fax: q49-7531-88-2891. E-mail address: nathan.weisz@uni-konstanz.de (N. Weisz).suggest a systolic blood pressure (SBP) below 100-110 mmHg as a cut-off value. (Weiss and Donat, 1982;Pschyrembel, 1993). We refer to the 'essential' form when speaking of hypotension in this work, which should not be confused with secondary (i.e. symptomatic) or orthostatic forms. Even though essential hypotension is by far the most common type of hypotension (90%; Phillipp, 1993), its aetiology is still unknown.

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Section: 47mentioning

confidence: 80%

Early contingent negative variation of the EEG and attentional flexibility are reduced in hypotension

Weisz¹,

Schandry²,

Jacobs³

et al. 2002

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…However, there exist individual differences, such as ability and strategies to produce blood pressure elevation; these are exemplified in the study of Elbert et al (1992).…”

Section: Significance Of the Baroreceptor -Brain Circuitry For A Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysiology of arterial baroreceptors and the etiology of hypertension

Rau

Elbert

2001

Biological Psychology

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159

143

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Arterial baroreceptors are sensitive to blood pressure dependent blood vessel dilation. They play a key role in the short term regulation of blood pressure. Their impact on psychological and psychophysiological aspects is of increasing interest. The review focuses on experimental techniques for the controlled baroreceptor manipulation. Results from the application of these techniques show that baroreceptor activation influences the cardiovascular system as well as central nervous functioning: Behavioral and electrophysiological measures of arousal, low level reflexes and pain responses are modulated through baroreceptor manipulation. The observation of an overall dampening ('barbiturate like') effect of baroreceptor activity led Dworkin et al. formulate the theory of learned hypertension: Subjects might experience blood pressure dependent baroreceptor activation as stress and pain relieving. High blood pressure periods become negatively reinforced. Phasic high blood pressure might develop as a coping strategy. Data from a longitudinal human study supporting this theory are reported.

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“…These (11) showed that certain forms of frank and intractable syncope had a purely "neural carotid mechanism" that did not depend on perfusion compromising circulatory antecedents, and the anthropologists Schlager and Meier (10) described how native practitioners in the Balinese islands routinely used therapeutic carotid massage to induce sleep. Recently, there have been efforts to experimentally evaluate barostimulation effects on pain thresholds, electroencephalogram spectra, and cortical slow waves in human subjects (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) Barostimulation Methods in Humans. Balloon distention of a surgically isolated carotid sinus cul de sac of a dog is the "gold standard" of experimental barostimulation methods, and a related, but noninvasive, pressure stimulation method can be used in humans: The baroreceptors are actually stretch receptors in the arterial wall, and pressure inside the artery normally pushes the wall outward, but the wall also can be artificially pulled outward by extravascular suction applied through a pneumatic collar that encircles the neck.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Central effects of baroreceptor activation in humans: attenuation of skeletal reflexes and pain perception.

Dworkin

Elbert

Rau

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

223

140

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Activating (4), induce synchronization of the electroencephalogram (5), increase cortical positivity (6), blunt pain sensations (7), reduce anxiety (8, 9), and induce sleep (10) or even clinically significant syncope (11). Arousing emotional and pain stimuli elevate blood pressure (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), and the central nervous system (CNS) inhibitory effects ofbarostimulation most simply can be seen to provide supplementary negative feedback, which, along with cardioinhibition and vasodilatation, helps to restore excessively elevated blood pressure to a safer level. Dworkin et al. (19) reported that rats escape from and avoid a mildly aversive trigeminal nucleus stimulus to a lesser degree when their blood pressure is pharmacologically elevated and that the effect can be abolished by denervation of the baroreceptors. They also showed that the impaired avoidance behavior persists into extinction, suggesting that, in addition to pain perception, anxiety is affected. In an extensive series of experiments using more conventional pain stimuli, Randich and Maixner (20) Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; CSPP, carotid sinus pulse pressure; PRES, phase-related external suction; EMG, electromyographic or electromyogram; G-G, Greenhouse-Geisser. ITo whom reprint requests should be addressed. 6329The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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Modulation of Slow Cortical Potentials by Instrumentally Learned Blood Pressure Responses

Cited by 35 publications

References 19 publications

Early contingent negative variation of the EEG and attentional flexibility are reduced in hypotension

Early contingent negative variation of the EEG and attentional flexibility are reduced in hypotension

Psychophysiology of arterial baroreceptors and the etiology of hypertension

Central effects of baroreceptor activation in humans: attenuation of skeletal reflexes and pain perception.

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