Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate

Gallo, Antonella; Passaro, G; Gasbarrini, Antonio; Landolfi, Raffaele; Montalto, Massimo

doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186

Cited by 94 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 202 publications

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“…Proposed mechanisms through which probiotics improve host health include reducing intestinal permeability by upregulation of tight junction proteins, increasing mucin secretion by goblet cells, increasing secretion of defensins which prevent pathogen colonization, production of SCFAs, stimulation of IgA secretion, decreasing luminal pH, and enhancing and directing immune cells to promote tolerance to commensals while maintaining protection against pathogens. 147 Even nonviable organisms might confer health benefits by adhering to the mucus layer and stimulating immune function in dogs. 148,149 Capsular polysaccharide from Bacteroides fragilis, for instance, activates T regs and decreases severity of colitis in mice.…”

Section: Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review

Barko

McMichael

Swanson

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

507

382

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The gastrointestinal microbiome is a diverse consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that inhabit the gut of all mammals. Studies in humans and other mammals have implicated the microbiome in a range of physiologic processes that are vital to host health including energy homeostasis, metabolism, gut epithelial health, immunologic activity, and neurobehavioral development. The microbial genome confers metabolic capabilities exceeding those of the host organism alone, making the gut microbiome an active participant in host physiology. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and computational biology have revolutionized the field of microbiomics, permitting mechanistic evaluation of the relationships between an animal and its microbial symbionts. Changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome are associated with diseases in humans and animals including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, immune‐mediated conditions, and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder. While there remains a paucity of data regarding the intestinal microbiome in small animals, recent studies have helped to characterize its role in host animal health and associated disease states. This review is intended to familiarize small animal veterinarians with recent advances in the field of microbiomics and to prime them for a future in which diagnostic tests and therapies will incorporate these developments into clinical practice.

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Section: Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review

Barko

McMichael

Swanson

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

507

382

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several studies have reported that probiotic administration can prevent or treat immune‐mediated diseases, such as gastrointestinal (GI) infections, allergic disorders, and autoimmune diseases, both in experimental models and humans . The beneficial effects of probiotics can be attributed to competition with intestinal microbial pathogens and to interactions with IECs and gut‐resident immune cells.…”

Section: Microbiota and Probiotic Interactions In The Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota and probiotics: novel immune system modulators in myasthenia gravis?

Rinaldi

Consonni

Guidesi³

et al. 2018

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Gut microorganisms (microbiota) live in symbiosis with the host and influence human nutrition, metabolism, physiology, and immune development and function. The microbiota prevents pathogen infection to the host, and in turn the host provides a niche for survival. The alteration of gut bacteria composition (dysbiosis) could contribute to the development of immune-mediated diseases by influencing the immune system activation and driving the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in order to promote or counteract immune reactions. Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms able to interact with the gut microbiota and provide health benefits; their use has recently been exploited to dampen immunological response in several experimental models of autoimmune diseases. Here, we focus on the relationships among commensal bacteria, probiotics, and the gut, describing the main interactions occurring with the immune system and recent data supporting the clinical efficacy of probiotic administration in rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and myasthenia gravis (MG) animal models. The encouraging results suggest that selected strains of probiotics should be evaluated in clinical trials as adjuvant therapy to restore the disrupted tolerance in myasthenia gravis.

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“…For instance, it has been shown that modulation of microbiota with probiotic supplementation can reverse pathological changes in patients with inflammatory intestinal conditions. [126] Overutilization of PPIs needs more attention. Undoubtedly, patient education and counseling about the risks associated with PPI use and role of the gut microbiome should not be overlooked by healthcare providers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gastric and Intestinal Microbiome: Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors

Minalyan

Gabrielyan

Scott

et al. 2017

Curr Gastroenterol Rep

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Purpose of review The discovery of Helicobacter pylori and other organisms colonizing the stomach and the intestines has shed some light on the importance of microbiome in maintaining overall health and developing pathological conditions when alterations in biodiversity are present. The gastric acidity plays a crucial role in filtering out bacteria and preventing development of enteric infections. In this article, we discuss the physiology of gastric acid secretion and bacterial contribution to the composition of gastric and intestinal barriers and review the current literature on the role of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the microbial biodiversity of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent findings Culture-independent techniques, such as 16S rRNA sequencing, have revolutionized our understanding of the microbial biodiversity in the gastrointestinal tract. Luminal and mucosa-associated microbial populations are not identical. Streptococcus is overrepresented in the biopsies of patients with antral gastritis and may also be responsible for the development of peptic ulcer disease. The use of PPIs favors relative streptococcal abundance irrespective of H. pylori status and may explain the persistence of dyspeptic symptoms in patients on PPI therapy. Increased risk of enteric infections has also been seen in patients taking PPIs. The overuse of PPIs leads to significant shift of the gastrointestinal microbiome towards a less healthy state. Summary With the advent of PPIs, many studies have demonstrated the significant changes in the microbial composition of both gastric and intestinal microbiota. Although they are considered relatively safe over-the-counter medications, PPIs in many cases are over- and even inappropriately used. Future studies assessing the safety of PPIs and their role in the development of microbiome changes should be encouraged.

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Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate

Cited by 94 publications

References 202 publications

The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review

The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review

Gut microbiota and probiotics: novel immune system modulators in myasthenia gravis?

The Gastric and Intestinal Microbiome: Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors

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