Modulation of Memory B Cell Phenotypes and Toll-Like Receptor-7 in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection During Direct-Acting Antiviral Interferon-Free Therapy: Correlation with Interleukin-7

Therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis C: a concise review

“…Beyond the heightened risk of type 2 diabetes associated with HCV infections, individuals with chronic HCV infections also exhibit an elevated prevalence of cardiaccerebrovascular disorders. This intricate relationship underscores the systemic impact of HCV beyond the liver and emphasizes the potential role of viral-induced inflammatory responses in contributing to broader metabolic and cardiovascular complications (Drazilova et al, 2018;Moustafa et al, 2020).…”

“…This infection results in the chronic stimulation of lymphocytes, ultimately leading to the expansion of B-cell clones. This process then activates the complement system and antibody production to form immune complexes, resulting in tissue damage (Jacobson et al, 2010;Ito et al, 2011;Moustafa et al, 2020) (Figure 1A).…”

“…Recent research has elucidated that the impact of HCV extends beyond hepatocytes, leading to extrahepatic manifestations such as lymphoproliferative disorders, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, renal disease, and neurological disorders (Jacobson et al, 2010;Ito et al, 2011;Stanaway et al, 2016;Vanni et al, 2016;Drazilova et al, 2018;Moustafa et al, 2020). Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify new, and intensive treatment approaches capable of addressing both intra-and extrahepatic manifestations of HCV.…”