Modulation of Fast Narrowband Oscillations in the Mouse Retina and dLGN According to Background Light Intensity

Storchi, Riccardo; Bedford, Robert A.; Martial, Franck P.; Allen, Annette E.; Wynne, Jonathan; Montemurro, Marcelo A.; Petersen, Rasmus S.; Lucas, Robert J.

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.027

Cited by 81 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…The significance of this arrangement for form vision is not clear. Melanopsin’s accepted function is to encode irradiance, and it has recently been shown that melanopsin adjusts activity in the dLGN according to background (ambient) light [10, 11]. Is that the extent of its contribution to thalamocortical vision?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melanopsin knockout mice have deficits in spatial contrast sensitivity [12], but none of the published physiology indicates that melanopsin has the high contrast sensitivity required for this effect to originate with a direct contribution to encoding patterns, and the effect could plausibly be secondary to more general deficits in visual development and/or function in this genotype [10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. Conversely, while human patients and animal models of advanced rod+cone degeneration have at best rudimentary form vision [18, 19, 20], as ipRGCs are recipients of rod/cone signals their activity would be fundamentally altered in such preparations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The secondary impacts of melanopsin loss on visual function [10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] make melanopsin-knockout mice unsuitable for answering this question. Thus, we adapted the silent substitution methodology to produce a third spectrally distinct input (spectrum 3) that enabled us to produce stimuli presenting equivalent contrast for rods and cones (33% long-wavelength sensitive [LWS], 23% short-wavelength sensitive [SWS], 33% rod opsin) but distinct melanopsin modulation (either 52% or <1%) depending on whether it was combined with spectrum 1 or 2 (Figure S1; Tables S1 and S2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our experiments employ anesthetized mice to allow us to present carefully calibrated stimuli over long durations. Although anesthesia does not alter the relative response of visual neurons to different types of stimuli, it does induce a general suppression of baseline and visually evoked firing [11, 38]. Therefore, it is most unlikely that the melanopsin response is equivalently small in awake animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Melanopsin Contributions to the Representation of Images in the Early Visual System

et al. 2017

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SummaryMelanopsin photoreception enhances retinal responses to variations in ambient light (irradiance) and drives non-image-forming visual reflexes such as circadian entrainment [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Melanopsin signals also reach brain regions responsible for form vision [7, 8, 9], but melanopsin’s contribution, if any, to encoding visual images remains unclear. We addressed this deficit using principles of receptor silent substitution to present images in which visibility for melanopsin versus rods+cones was independently modulated, and we recorded evoked responses in the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN; thalamic relay for cortical vision). Approximately 20% of dLGN units responded to patterns visible only to melanopsin, revealing that melanopsin signals alone can convey spatial information. Spatial receptive fields (RFs) mapped using melanopsin-isolating stimuli had ON centers with diameters ∼13°. Melanopsin and rod+cone responses differed in the temporal domain, and responses to slow changes in radiance (<0.9 Hz) and stationary images were deficient when stimuli were rendered invisible for melanopsin. We employed these data to devise and test a mathematical model of melanopsin’s involvement in form vision and applied it, along with further experimental recordings, to explore melanopsin signals under simulated active view of natural scenes. Our findings reveal that melanopsin enhances the thalamic representation of scenes containing local correlations in radiance, compensating for the high temporal frequency bias of cone vision and the negative correlation between magnitude and frequency for changes in direction of view. Together, these data reveal a distinct melanopsin contribution to encoding visual images, predicting that, under natural view, melanopsin augments the early visual system’s ability to encode patterns over moderate spatial scales.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Melanopsin Contributions to the Representation of Images in the Early Visual System

et al. 2017

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“…In V1, we also observed a second prominent narrowband gamma rhythm around 55–65 Hz that was enhanced by luminance but suppressed by stimuli of increasing size and contrast, modulated by brain state, and not reliant on SOM cell activity. Since this rhythm does not depend on contrast in the visual stimulus 14 and may arise in the retina 33–35 , it is not clear what its specific role is in cortical processing. We do note that while locomotion and brain state are known to have profound effects on V1 activity 13,36 , we did not observe any difference of the impact of SOM or PV suppression on gamma power between quiescent and running conditions (Suppl.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical gamma band synchronization through somatostatin interneurons

et al. 2017

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Gamma band rhythms may synchronize distributed cell assemblies to facilitate information transfer within and across brain areas, yet their underlying mechanisms remain hotly debated. Most circuit models pose that soma-targeting parvalbumin (PV) positive GABAergic neurons are the essential inhibitory neuron subtype necessary for gamma rhythms. Using cell-type specific optogenetic manipulations in behaving animals, we show that dendrite-targeting somatostatin (SOM) interneurons are critical for a visually induced, context-dependent gamma rhythm in the visual cortex (V1). A novel computational model independently predicts that context-dependent gamma rhythms depend critically on SOM interneurons. Further in vivo experiments show that SOM neurons are required for long distance coherence across V1. Taken together, these data establish a new mechanism for synchronizing distributed networks in the visual cortex. By operating through dendritic and not just somatic inhibition, SOM-mediated oscillations may expand the computational power of gamma rhythms for optimizing the synthesis and storage of visual perceptions.

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Overlapping morphological and functional properties between M4 and M5 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Sonoda

Okabe

Schmidt

2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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Multiple retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in the mouse retina mediate pattern vision by responding to specific features of the visual scene. The M4 and M5 melanopsinexpressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) subtypes are two RGC types that are thought to play major roles in pattern vision. The M4 ipRGCs overlap in population with ON-alpha RGCs, while M5 ipRGCs were recently reported to exhibit opponent responses to different wavelengths of light (color opponency).Despite their seemingly distinct roles in visual processing, previous reports have suggested that these two populations may exhibit overlap in their morphological and functional properties, which calls into question whether these are in fact distinct RGC types. Here, we show that M4 and M5 ipRGCs are distinct morphological classes of ipRGCs, but they cannot be exclusively differentiated based on color opponency and dendritic morphology as previously reported. Instead, we find that M4 and M5 ipRGCs can only be distinguished based on soma size and the number of dendritic branch points in combination with SMI-32 immunoreactivity. These results have important implications for clearly defining RGC types and their roles in visual behavior. K E Y W O R D S alpha, color opponent, ipRGC, melanopsin, retina, retinal ganglion cell,

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Modulation of Fast Narrowband Oscillations in the Mouse Retina and dLGN According to Background Light Intensity

Cited by 81 publications

References 32 publications

Melanopsin Contributions to the Representation of Images in the Early Visual System

Melanopsin Contributions to the Representation of Images in the Early Visual System

Cortical gamma band synchronization through somatostatin interneurons

Overlapping morphological and functional properties between M4 and M5 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

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