Modulation of Early Mitotic Inhibitor 1 (EMI1) Depletion on the Sensitivity of PARP Inhibitors in BRCA1 Mutated Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 10-15% of all breast cancers and has a poor outcome as it lacks a receptor target for therapy, and TNBC is frequently associated with a germline mutation of BRCA1. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) drugs have demonstrated some effectiveness in treating BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutated breast and ovarian cancers but resistance to PARPi is common. Published results found that resistance to Olaparib, a PARPi, can be due to downregulation of EMI1 and the consequent upregulation of the RAD51 recombinase. Using a tissue culture-based cell viability assay, we extended those observations to another PARPi and to other chemotherapy drugs that affect DNA repair or the cell cycle. As we expected, EMI1 downregulation resulted in resistance to another PARPi drug, Talazoparib. EMI1 downregulation also led to resistance to other cytotoxic drugs, Cisplatin and CHK1 inhibitor. Surprisingly, EMI1 depletion also led to resistance to a MEK inhibitor, though this inhibitor blocks cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle and would not be expected to be sensitive to EMI1 levels. Notably, increasing the RAD51 protein expression only partially recapitulated the effects of EMI1 depletion in causing resistance to different PARPi and the other cytotoxic drugs.These results suggest that the downstream effects of EMI1 downregulation that contribute to PARPi resistance are increasing the concentration of RAD51 protein in the cell and blocking mitotic entry. We found that combining CHK1 inhibitor with olaparib results in restoration of sensitivity even when EMI1 expression is downregulated. This combination therapy may be a means to overcome the PARPi resistance in BRCA1-deficient TNBC cells.

Examining the mechanistic relationship of APC/CCDH1 and its interphase inhibitor EMI1

“…Therefore, how EMI1 changes from an APC/C substrate to an inhibitor has remained mechanistically unclear but important for a swift transition into S phase. This switch is significant as both the regulation of the G1/S transition and the protein levels of EMI1 are perturbed in many types of cancer 44–49 . As a whole, dysregulation of G1/S increases proliferation through a variety of mechanisms 48,50 .…”

“…This switch is significant as both the regulation of the G1/S transition and the protein levels of EMI1 are perturbed in many types of cancer. [44][45][46][47][48][49] As a whole, dysregulation of G1/S increases proliferation through a variety of mechanisms. 48,50 Similarly, EMI1 overexpression shortens G1, is a poor prognostic marker in solid tumors, and is considered oncogenic.…”