Modulation of cytokine secretion by pentacyclic triterpenes from olive pomace oil in human mononuclear cells

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“…However, in contrast to this, in resting macrophages ursolic acid and also oleanolic acid activate NF-κB causing increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α at concentrations of 5 µM and 4 µM, respectively [70,71]. At first these results seem to be contradictory, but the different observations could be based on concentration-dependent effects, as observed for oleanolic acid with respect to the TNF-α production of human mononuclear cells [65] or for betulinic acid concerning TNF-α and IL-1β production in non-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages [63]. Another conceivable reason is the influence of the milieu or the cell status that may crucially modulate triterpene effects.…”

“…Efforts to work out the underlying mechanism in vitro are in progress (reviewed in [7,8,[57][58][59]) and several potential targets have been discovered. Besides direct effects on the morphology or the activity of immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells or other leukocytes, which may suppress the immune response [60][61][62][63], an influence on pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, INFγ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, or IL-13 [31,50,60,[64][65][66] has been reported. The expression of these cytokines is regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB, which is therefore a pivotal target.…”

Beneficial actions of oleanolic acid in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis: A potential therapeutic role

“…Much research has focused on new therapeutic approaches to inhibiting the immuneinflammatory processes that are believed to initiate CNS damage in MS. Oleanolic acid is an excellent candidate to be considered as an immunomodulatory agent for the treatment of MS patients, since oleanane triterpenoids are multifunctional drugs that exhibit both antiinflammatory and neuroprotective activities, targeting multiple cytokines and key signaling molecules important in neurodegenerative disorders [13,16,22].…”

Methanolic Extract of Clinacanthus nutans Leaves can Alter Adipocyte Cellularity, Inflammation and Acetyl Cholinesterase Activity in Male Obese Mice

“…Indeed, as recently highlighted by de Melo et al [58] showed that oleanolic acid a natural triterpenoid when administered daily (50 mg/L in drinking water), to HFD fed adult male Swiss mice for 15 weeks, they confirmed that the triterpene, oleanolic acid (OA) has been described to decrease the IL-6 production. Polyphenols, triterpene, linoleic acid and diterpene extracted and isolated from C. nutans leaves [30,31], exhibited anti-inflammatory properties [59]. Thus, the observed decreased in IL-6 production in mice supplemented with C. nutans could be attributed to the phenolic contents in C. nutans.…”