Modulation of cutaneous reflexes during sidestepping in adult humans

Madsen, Leif P; Kitano, Koichi; Koceja, David M.; Zehr, E. Paul; Docherty, Carrie L.

doi:10.1007/s00221-020-05877-w

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…(2019) also reported a large TA facilitation during phase 5 among both CAI and control groups which resulted in significant net dorsiflexion. The PL facilitation observed at toe‐off in our present sample would act to evert and push away from an obstacle as the limb begins the transition to swing and has been reported among both healthy and CAI subjects of previous studies (Madsen et al., 2019, 2020). Significant facilitation of the LG and MG was observed during this phase as well, allowing for a more rapid transition to the swing phase through plantarflexion which pushes the ipsilateral limb off the ground and subsequently shifts weight to the contralateral limb in the presence of an obstacle (Madsen et al., 2019; Zehr et al., 1998).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…In midstance (phases 2–4), our sample exhibited inhibition of the LG and MG, which is considered a preparatory response for potential transition to the contralateral limb in the case of a dangerous perturbation or loss of balance (Duysens et al., 1992; Madsen et al., 2020; Zehr et al., 1998). Facilitation of the TA and PL during these phases would contribute to the unloading response seen in the plantarflexors to, again, allow for an efficient transition to the contralateral limb should the perturbation become dangerous or affect postural stability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…While previous literature exploring cutaneous reflexes has focused on average reflex amplitudes, the results of our analyses indicate reflex variability may be a more accurate indicator of sensorimotor maladaptation following ankle injury. During phase 3 (midstance) previous studies reported inhibition of the LG as a protective unloading response in healthy individuals, but no significant reflex was identified in those with CAI (Madsen et al., 2019, 2020). Considering the multifaceted nature of CAI, we may suggest that not all subjects with this condition will exhibit altered reflex patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A commonly observed example of phase‐dependent modulation during gait may be seen in the tibialis anterior (TA), where non‐noxious electrical stimulation to the sural nerve elicits facilitation during the early swing phase of gait, resulting in ankle dorsiflexion to lift the foot away from the ground to avoid tripping over an obstacle (Duysens et al., 1992; Madsen et al., 2020; Zehr et al., 1998). However, during late swing, the same stimulation results in an inhibition of the TA as a “placing response”, expediting the foot's contact with the ground to position the body in a more stable, double‐leg stance (Duysens et al., 1992; Madsen et al., 2020; Zehr et al., 1998). This response will also vary based on the demands of the task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived ankle instability and cutaneous reflex modulation during gait

Friedman,

Madsen

2023

Physiological Reports

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Cutaneous reflex modulation during rhythmic ambulation is an important motor control mechanism to help minimize stumbling following an unexpected perturbation. Previous literature found individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) experience altered reflex patterns compared to healthy controls. Considering CAI is characterized by intermittent feelings of ankle instability, researchers have speculated that these alterations are related to perceived instability. Our purpose was to determine whether variability and magnitude of cutaneous reflex amplitudes can predict perceived instability levels following sural nerve stimulation during gait. Forty subjects walked while receiving random stimulations and reported their perceived instability. Middle latency reflexes among lower leg muscles were calculated using data derived from surface electromyography. Hierarchical logistical regressions revealed a positive relationship between reflex variability of the peroneus longus and lateral gastrocnemius muscles and perceived instability during midstance. This suggests subjects with consistent reflexes following sural nerve stimulation develop a certain level of perceptual expectation resulting in generally lower feelings of ankle instability, while subjects with more variable motor outputs perceive greater instability at the supraspinal level. Cutaneous reflex variability during stance may be an important objective outcome measure to monitor neuromuscular recovery throughout a rehabilitation or as a potential predictor of future lateral ankle sprains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived ankle instability and cutaneous reflex modulation during gait

Friedman,

Madsen

2023

Physiological Reports

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“…For each nerve condition, each participant’s SLR and MLR windows were determined individually through visual inspection on the averaged EMG sweeps. When there was no discernable cutaneous reflex response or separating SLR from MLR was difficult, we adopted the latency windows that were used in the previous studies ( 46 – 49 ) (i.e., 50–80 ms poststimulus train onset for SLR and 80–120 ms for MLR) for these analyses. To calculate the reflex amplitudes, the control EMG amplitude was subtracted from the EMG amplitude over a cutaneous reflex (i.e., SLR and MLR) window.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered cutaneous reflexes to non-noxious stimuli in the triceps surae of people with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury

Phipps

Thompson

2023

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Following spinal cord injury (SCI) task-dependent modulation of spinal reflexes are often impaired. To gain insight into the state of the spinal interneuronal pathways following injury, we studied the amplitude modulation of triceps surae cutaneous reflexes to non-noxious stimuli during standing and early-to-mid stance phase of walking in participants with and without chronic incomplete SCI. Reflex eliciting nerve stimulation was delivered to the superficial peroneal, sural, and distal tibial nerves about the ankle. Reflexes were analyzed in the short (SLR, 50-80 ms post stimulation onset) and the medium (MLR, 80-120 ms) latency response windows. Further, the relation between cutaneous and H-reflexes was also examined during standing. In participants without injuries the soleus SLR was modulated task-dependently with nerve specificity, and the soleus and medial gastrocnemius MLRs were modulated task-dependently. In contrast, participants with SCI, no task-dependent or nerve-specific modulation of triceps cutaneous reflexes was observed. The triceps surae cutaneous and H-reflexes were not correlated in either group (r = 0.01-0.37). The presence of cutaneous reflexes but the absence of significant amplitude modulation may suggest impaired function of spinal interneuronal pathways in this population. The lack of correlation between the cutaneous and H-reflexes may suggest that interneurons that are involved in H-reflex modulation and cutaneous reflex modulation do not receive common input, or the impact of the common input is outweighed by other input. Present findings highlight the importance of examining multiple spinal reflexes to better understanding spinal interneuronal pathways that affect motor control in people after SCI.

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