Modulating Growth Factor Receptor Signaling to Promote Corneal Epithelial Homeostasis

Abstract

The corneal epithelium is the first anatomical barrier between the environment and the cornea; it is critical for proper light refraction onto the retina and prevents pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses) from entering the immune-privileged eye. Trauma to the highly innervated corneal epithelium is extremely painful and if not resolved quickly or properly, can lead to infection and ultimately blindness. The healthy eye produces its own growth factors and is continuously bathed in tear fluid that contains these proteins and other nutrients to maintain the rapid turnover and homeostasis of the ocular surface. In this article, we review the roles of growth factors in corneal epithelial homeostasis and regeneration and some of the limitations to their use therapeutically.

Elucidating the mechanism of corneal epithelial cell repair: unraveling the impact of growth factors

“…Among these, VEGF-A stands out for its profound ability to promote angiogenesis and is the most prevalent subtype in the eyes ( 140 ). The VEGF family and its receptors are expressed in the corneal epithelium ( 4 ). Under normal circumstances, a delicate balance is maintained between ocular angiogenic factors and anti-angiogenic factors to prevent pathological CNV production.…”

“…Healthy eyes are continuously bathed in tears containing growth factors, essential substances for maintaining the normal function of ocular surface tissue ( 3 ). Due to the unique anatomical location of the cornea, it is particularly susceptible to various injuries ( 4 ). When damaged, there is an upregulation of growth factors in tears, which target the cornea through relevant signaling pathways, thereby promoting corneal epithelial repair ( 5 ) and maintaining corneal epithelial homeostasis.…”

The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) System in the Corneal Epithelium Homeostasis—From Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells to Therapeutic Applications

“…It plays the role of a protective barrier as well as a refractive structure due to its avascular character. Its homeostasis is maintained through a complex regenerative process which takes about 10 days and involves proliferation and migration of epithelial cells [ 2 ]. In addition, the lacrimal gland function, tear film, and corneal nerves are pivotal in maintaining the health and integrity of the corneal epithelium [ 3 ].…”