Modular Multilevel Converter With Series and Parallel Module Connectivity: Topology and Control

Goetz, Stefan M.; Peterchev, Angel V.; Weyh, Thomas

doi:10.1109/tpel.2014.2310225

Cited by 121 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…First, at lower switching rates, the accumulated capacitor voltage differences are larger, which cause large equalization currents in the low-impedance charge-balancing loops. In fact, published studies of the series/parallel module concentrated on low-and medium-voltage applications where higher switching rates are possible, and where the high conduction loss in the module storages justifies the parallel interconnection [24], [25], [27]. For high-voltage applications with limited switching rates, a suitable series/parallel module variant is yet to be developed.…”

Section: Module Implementation and Modulation Strategy For Sensorlessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the series/parallel converter family needs an analytical framework for better understanding and optimizing the converter operations. The special parallel connection entails complex dynamics between the modules, which has not been fully exploited at a practical control level-available modulation strategies are either heuristic and potentially suboptimal [25], [26] or computationally expensive [32].…”

Section: Module Implementation and Modulation Strategy For Sensorlessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the parallel interconnection is only available within small groups of capacitors, and many voltage sensors are still required. Alternatively, the series/parallel module proposed in reference [25] features two-port interconnections ( Fig. 1), which can extend the parallel connection through an entire arm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Module Implementation and Modulation Strategy for Sensorless Balancing in Modular Multilevel Converters

Lizana

Sha

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

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Modules with series and parallel connectivity add new features and operation modes to modular multilevel converters (MMCs). Compared to full-and half-bridges, the series/parallel modules allow sensorless module balancing and reduce conduction loss with the same semiconductor area. However, in high-voltage applications with limited switching rates, the sensorless operation of the series/parallel modules suffers from large charge-balancing currents. This paper introduces a series/parallel module variant with a small port inductor. The port inductor suppresses the charge-balancing current despite low switching rates. We also propose a carrier-based modulation framework and show the importance of the carrier assignment in terms of efficiency and balancing. The proposed module and the modulation method are verified on a lab setup with module switching rates down to 200 Hz. The module voltages are kept within a narrow band with the charge-balancing currents below 5% of the arm current. The experimental results show practicality and advantages of the new series/parallel modules in high-voltage MMC applications.

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Section: Module Implementation and Modulation Strategy For Sensorlessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Module Implementation and Modulation Strategy For Sensorlessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Module Implementation and Modulation Strategy for Sensorless Balancing in Modular Multilevel Converters

Lizana

Sha

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

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“…A recently developed modular pulse synthesizer technology, for instance, does not implement an oscillator design but combines the output of multiple fast-switching lower power modules to generate practically any pulse shape as well as trains of rapidly changing pulse shapes (Fig. 6D) (Goetz et al, 2016; Goetz, Peterchev, & Weyh, 2015; Goetz, Pfaeffl, et al, 2012). In contrast to, for instance, conventional monophasic pulse sources, the principle of the modular pulse synthesizer is highly efficient and can recover most of the energy of any pulse shape for the next pulse.…”

Section: What Are the Major Developments In Tms Technology?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The development and modelling of devices and paradigms for transcranial magnetic stimulation

Goetz

Deng

2017

International Review of Psychiatry

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Magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive neurostimulation technique that can evoke action potentials and modulate neural circuits through induced electric fields. Biophysical models of magnetic stimulation have become a major driver for technological developments and the understanding of the mechanisms of magnetic neurostimulation and neuromodulation. Major technological developments involve stimulation coils with different spatial characteristics and pulse sources to control the pulse waveform. While early technological developments were the result of manual design and invention processes, there is a trend in both stimulation coil and pulse source design to mathematically optimize parameters with the help of computational models. To date, macroscopically highly realistic spatial models of the brain as well as peripheral targets, and user-friendly software packages enable researchers and practitioners to simulate the treatment-specific and induced electric field distribution in the brains of individual subjects and patients. Neuron models further introduce the microscopic level of neural activation to understand the influence of activation dynamics in response to different pulse shapes. A number of models that were designed for online calibration to extract otherwise covert information and biomarkers from the neural system recently form a third branch of modeling.

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“…MPC is suitable for controlling MIMO systems [26]. Since MPC has a simple design, is easy to model, and can incorporate system constraints, it has become increasingly popular for controlling MMCs [27].…”

Section: Power Convertermentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Model Predictive Control in Modular Multilevel Converter for MTPA operation and SOC Balancing

Sharma

Hernández

Badawy

2018

2018 IEEE 19th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL)

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In this thesis, a one-step horizon model predictive control strategy (MPC) is implemented in a multilevel modular converter (MMC) to control the speed of an electric vehicle (EV) motor. Maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) and field weakening (FW) control strategies are used to generate reference signals for maximum torque output. The proposed control scheme aims to track the reference signal by independently regulating voltages from the MMC modules. To achieve this, the switches of the MMCs are directly controlled, eliminating the need for a pulse width modulator. A one-step horizon implementation of MPC ensures the robustness of the control system by making the real-time implementation possible. It leads to favorable performance under asymmetrical loads. The phase voltage is supplied to the motor through the MMC architecture which is composed of a large number of battery cells connected in series to supply the motor drive. Due to the non-identical characteristics of the battery, the state of charge (SOC) and the terminal voltage of the cells vary significantly at different operating conditions. The given control scheme is also incorporating a voltage balancing property that ensures the terminal voltages of all the battery cells in the MMC architecture are equalized.Finally, simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of this control strategy and hardware is under development to validate the system performance.

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Modular Multilevel Converter With Series and Parallel Module Connectivity: Topology and Control

Cited by 121 publications

References 61 publications

Module Implementation and Modulation Strategy for Sensorless Balancing in Modular Multilevel Converters

Module Implementation and Modulation Strategy for Sensorless Balancing in Modular Multilevel Converters

The development and modelling of devices and paradigms for transcranial magnetic stimulation

Application of Model Predictive Control in Modular Multilevel Converter for MTPA operation and SOC Balancing

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