Modular Design of Highly Active Unitized Reversible Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts

Klingenhof, Malte; Hauke, Philipp; Brückner, Sven; Dresp, Sören; Wolf, Elisabeth Hannah; Nong, Hong Nhan; Spöri, Camillo; Merzdorf, Thomas; Bernsmeier, Denis; Teschner, Detre; Schlögl, Robert; Strasser, Peter

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02203

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…DMFCs use Pt-Ru catalysts [154] or Pt-Co/Pt-Ni catalysts [155]. RFCs can use PGM catalysts, but transition metal electrode catalysts are also under investigation [156].…”

Section: Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum Group Metals: A Review of Resources, Production and Usage with a Focus on Catalysts

et al. 2021

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The major applications of PGMs are as catalysts in automotive industry, petroleum refining, environmental (gas remediation), industrial chemical production (e.g., ammonia production, fine chemicals), electronics, and medical fields. As the next generation energy technologies for hydrogen production, such as electrolysers and fuel cells for stationary and transport applications, become mature, the demand for PGMs is expected to further increase. Reserves and annual production of Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt have been determined and reported. Based on currently available resources, there is around 200 years lifetime based on current demand for all PGMs, apart from Pd, which may be closer to 100 years. Annual primary production of 190 t/a for Pt and 217 t/a for Pd, in combination with recycling of 65.4 t/a for Pt and 97.2 t/a for Pd, satisfies current demand. By far, the largest demand for PGMs is for all forms of catalysis, with the largest demand in auto catalysis. In fact, the biggest driver of demand and price for Pt, Pd, and Rh, in particular, is auto emission regulation, which has driven auto-catalyst design. Recovery of PGMs through recycling is generally good, but some catalytic processes, particularly auto-catalysis, result in significant dissipation. In the US, about 70% of the recycling stream from the end-of-life vehicles is a significant source of global secondary PGMs recovered from spent auto-catalyst. The significant use of PGMs in the large global auto industry is likely to continue, but the long-term transition towards electric vehicles will alter demand profiles.

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“…DMFCs use Pt-Ru catalysts [154] or Pt-Co/Pt-Ni catalysts [155]. RFCs can use PGM catalysts, but transition metal electrode catalysts are also under investigation [156].…”

Section: Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum Group Metals: A Review of Resources, Production and Usage with a Focus on Catalysts

et al. 2021

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“…The oxygen evolution reaction (OER, 4OH − → 2H 2 O + O 2 + 4 e − ), as one of the most fundamental energy-intensive anodic reactions, plays an important role in many energy-related sustainable systems such as water-splitting devices [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], fuel cells [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], rechargeable metal–air batteries [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], and sustainable CO 2 reduction systems [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Unfortunately, the decisive OER process suffers from its intrinsically sluggish reaction kinetics due to their complicated multi-step proton-coupled electron transfer paths [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotubes Interconnected NiCo Layered Double Hydroxide Rhombic Dodecahedral Nanocages for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Huang

Lin

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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Proper control of a 3d transition metal-based catalyst with advanced structures toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a more feasible synthesis strategy is of great significance for sustainable energy-related devices. Herein, carbon nanotube interconnected NiCo layered double hydroxide rhombic dodecahedral nanocages (NiCo-LDH RDC@CNTs) were developed here with the assistance of a feasible zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) self-sacrificing template strategy as a highly efficient OER electrocatalyst. Profited by the well-fined rhombic dodecahedral nanocage architecture, CNTs’ interconnected characteristic and structural feature of the vertically aligned nanosheets, the as-synthesized NiCo-LDH RDC@CNTs integrated large exposed active surface areas, enhanced electron transfer capacity and multidimensional mass diffusion channels, and thereby collaboratively afforded the remarkable electrocatalytic performance of the OER. Specifically, the designed NiCo-LDH RDC@CNTs exhibited a distinguished OER activity, which only required a low overpotential of 255 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for the OER. For the stability, no obvious current attenuation was detected, even after continuous operation for more than 27 h. We certainly believe that the current extraordinary OER activity combined with the robust stability of NiCo-LDH RDC@CNTs enables it to be a great candidate electrocatalyst for economical and sustainable energy-related devices.

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“…Moreover, the resulting H 2 must be cleaned of carbon impurities before use, which adds complexity and costs. Electrochemical converters can not only synthesize H 2 of high purity without CO 2 by using renewable electricity (hydroelectricity, wind, solar …) but also use it to produce electricity via reversible fuel cells and electrolyzers (2H 2 O = 2H 2 + O 2 ) [ 4 , 5 ]. Significant advances have demonstrated that different electrocatalytic materials can enable water electrolysis in acidic or alkaline media closely at its thermoneutral cell voltage of 1.45 V [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights on the Electrocatalytic Seawater Splitting at Heterogeneous Nickel-Cobalt Based Electrocatalysts Engineered from Oxidative Aniline Polymerization and Calcination

et al. 2021

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Given the limited access to freshwater compared to seawater, a growing interest surrounds the direct seawater electrolysis to produce hydrogen. However, we currently lack efficient electrocatalysts to selectively perform the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) over the oxidation of the chloride ions that are the main components of seawater. In this contribution, we report an engineering strategy to synthesize heterogeneous electrocatalysts by the simultaneous formation of separate chalcogenides of nickel (NiSx, x = 0, 2/3, 8/9, and 4/3) and cobalt (CoSx, x = 0 and 8/9) onto a carbon-nitrogen-sulfur nanostructured network. Specifically, the oxidative aniline polymerization in the presence of metallic cations was combined with the calcination to regulate the separate formation of various self-supported phases in order to target the multifunctional applicability as both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and OER in a simulated alkaline seawater. The OER’s metric current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 were achieved at the bimetallic for only 1.60 and 1.63 VRHE, respectively. This high-performance was maintained in the electrolysis with a starting voltage of 1.6 V and satisfactory stability at 100 mA over 17 h. Our findings validate a high selectivity for OER of ~100%, which outperforms the previously reported data of 87–95%.

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Modular Design of Highly Active Unitized Reversible Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts

Cited by 26 publications

References 32 publications

Platinum Group Metals: A Review of Resources, Production and Usage with a Focus on Catalysts

Platinum Group Metals: A Review of Resources, Production and Usage with a Focus on Catalysts

Carbon Nanotubes Interconnected NiCo Layered Double Hydroxide Rhombic Dodecahedral Nanocages for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Insights on the Electrocatalytic Seawater Splitting at Heterogeneous Nickel-Cobalt Based Electrocatalysts Engineered from Oxidative Aniline Polymerization and Calcination

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