MODTRAN® 6: A major upgrade of the MODTRAN® radiative transfer code

Berk, Alexander; Conforti, Patrick F.; Kennett, R.; Perkins, Timothy; Hawes, Fred; Bosch, Jeannette van den

doi:10.1109/whispers.2014.8077573

Cited by 146 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Additionally, street trees also intercept radiation coming from the canyon surfaces, such as the long-wave radiation emitted by warm wall and street surfaces. At night, this effect can actually reduce the radiative cooling of wall and street surfaces (Bowler et al, 2010). Through tree transpiration, leaf surface temperature is reduced, resulting in the extraction of sensible heat from the air (Green, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COSMO-BEP-Tree v1.0: a coupled urban climate model with explicit representation of street trees

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Street trees are more and more regarded as an effective measure to reduce excessive heat in urban areas. However, the vast majority of mesoscale urban climate models do not represent street trees in an explicit manner and, for example, do not take the important effect of shading by trees into account. In addition, urban canopy models that take interactions of trees and urban fabrics directly into account are usually limited to the street or neighbourhood scale and hence cannot be used to analyse the citywide effect of urban greening. In order to represent the interactions between street trees, urban elements and the atmosphere in realistic regional weather and climate simulations, we coupled the Building Effect Parameterisation with Trees (BEP-Tree) vegetated urban canopy model and the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO) mesoscale weather and climate model. The performance and applicability of the coupled model, named COSMO-BEP-Tree, are demonstrated over the urban area of Basel, Switzerland, during the heatwave event of June–July 2015. Overall, the model compared well with measurements of individual components of the surface energy balance and with air and surface temperatures obtained from a flux tower, surface stations and satellites. Deficiencies were identified for nighttime air temperature and humidity, which can mainly be traced back to limitations in the simulation of the nighttime stable boundary layer in COSMO. The representation of street trees in the coupled model generally improved the agreement with observations. Street trees produced large changes in simulated sensible and latent heat flux, and wind speed. Within the canopy layer, the presence of street trees resulted in a slight reduction in daytime air temperature and a very minor increase in nighttime air temperature. The model was found to realistically respond to changes in the parameters defining the street trees: leaf area density and stomatal conductance. Overall, COSMO-BEP-Tree demonstrated the potential of (a) enabling city-wide studies on the cooling potential of street trees and (b) further enhancing the modelling capabilities and performance in urban climate modelling studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COSMO-BEP-Tree v1.0: a coupled urban climate model with explicit representation of street trees

et al. 2020

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“…These periods of atmospheric clarity and extremely dry air permit further radiative emission loss from the 17.5 μm and higher wavelength regions. Models of atmospheric transmissivity and emissivity under these conditions (e.g., Berk et al, 2014) show that clear-air downwelling radiation is strongly dependent on water vapor. Examining several model runs of MODTRAN® using conditions similar to those observed for the ultracold sites ( Figure S6) shows that net differences in upwelling and downwelling radiation become very small, for example, 10.4 W/m 2 for À95°C near-surface air temperature (with an air column temperature profile similar to the annual minimum at South Pole), À95°C surface snow temperature, and~0.1-mm precipitable water (10 atm cm).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultralow Surface Temperatures in East Antarctica From Satellite Thermal Infrared Mapping: The Coldest Places on Earth

Scambos¹,

Campbell²,

Pope³

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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We identify areas near the East Antarctic ice divide where <−90 °C surface snow temperatures are observed in wintertime satellite thermal‐band data under clear‐sky conditions. The lowest temperatures are found in small (<200 km2) topographic basins of ~2 m depth above 3,800 m elevation. Approximately 100 sites have observed minimum surface temperatures of ~−98 °C during the winters of 2004–2016. Comparisons of surface snow temperatures with near‐surface air temperatures at nearby weather stations indicate that ~−98 °C surfaces imply ~−94 ± 4 °C 2‐m air temperatures. Landsat 8 thermal band data and elevation data show gradients near the topographic depressions of ~6 °C km−1 horizontally and ~4 °C m−1 vertically. Ultralow temperature occurrences correlate with strong polar vortex circulation. We discuss a conceptual model of radiative surface cooling that produces an extreme inversion layer. Further cooling occurs as near‐surface cold air pools in shallow high‐elevation topographic basins, moderated by clear‐air downwelling radiation and heat from subsurface snow.

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“…The given sensitivity of the sensor and the given losses while going through the lens system are included in the calculation. Furthermore, the radiation has to pass the atmosphere and a MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN) dataset is used to calculate the atmospheric transmission (Berk et al, 2014). The relative transmission of IR radiation in the 1 µm to 14 µm spectrum through Earth's atmosphere is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Radiometric Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Wildfire Detection From Space – A Trade-Off Between Sensor Quality, Physical Limitations and Payload Size

Shah

Krempel

Ernst

et al. 2019

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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Wildfires cause large scale devastation to human settlements and forests every year and their frequency and severity is on the rise. A major reason for this devastation is the significant delay in their detection due to their remote locations in forests. To mitigate this, a constellation of nanosatellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) equipped with multi-spectral visible to Infrared (IR) cameras is proposed leveraging the modular and affordable architecture of CubeSats. Coupled with the payload design, meticulously planned constellation and a ground support system, all surface points on the planet will be revisited at least once in an hour. Capturing a surface location with a high resolution in Mid Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) and Long Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) allows a precise estimation of thermal output of the surface. Simulations indicate that a fire of about four hundred square meters can be easily detected from this satellite payload. Through onboard data processing, wildfires can be already detected in space, minimizing bandwidth requirements for real-time alerts. This enables an early wildfire warning within 30 min by utilizing existing satellite internet networks. Additionally, compressed raw images will be transmitted on fixed ground station passes to provide a global thermal data updated every 90 min. The near real-time multi-spectral data provides opportunity for several other applications like weather forecasting besides wildfire detection.

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MODTRAN® 6: A major upgrade of the MODTRAN® radiative transfer code

Cited by 146 publications

References 5 publications

COSMO-BEP-Tree v1.0: a coupled urban climate model with explicit representation of street trees

COSMO-BEP-Tree v1.0: a coupled urban climate model with explicit representation of street trees

Ultralow Surface Temperatures in East Antarctica From Satellite Thermal Infrared Mapping: The Coldest Places on Earth

Real-Time Wildfire Detection From Space – A Trade-Off Between Sensor Quality, Physical Limitations and Payload Size

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