Modifying the n−3 fatty acid content of the maternal diet to determine the requirements of the fetal and suckling rat

Guesnet, Philippe; Alasnier, Corinne; Alessandri, Jean-Marc; Durand, Georges

doi:10.1007/s11745-997-0067-3

Cited by 42 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…The essential fatty acids linoleic acid and ␣-linolenic acid are precursors to long-chain PUFAs, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), which accumulate mostly in the central nervous system and are necessary for normal perinatal brain development and functioning (20). Adequate supply of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plays a role in several aspects of neural function (58), and failure to meet such nutrient needs during the critical period of brain development has significant cognitive consequences and can affect the development of such diseases as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease later in life (64).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal environment overrides genetic and prenatal factors influencing offspring obesity and insulin resistance

Gorski

Dunn-Meynell²,

Hartman³

et al. 2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

191

205

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There is growing evidence that the postnatal environment can have a major impact on the development of obesity and insulin resistance in offspring. We postulated that cross-fostering obesity-prone offspring to lean, obesity-resistant dams would ameliorate their development of obesity and insulin resistance, while fostering lean offspring to genetically obese dams would lead them to develop obesity and insulin resistance as adults. We found that obesity-prone pups cross-fostered to obesity-resistant dams remained obese but did improve their insulin sensitivity as adults. In contrast, obesity-resistant pups cross-fostered to genetically obese dams showed a diet-induced increase in adiposity, reduced insulin sensitivity, and associated changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide, insulin, and leptin receptors, which might have contributed to their metabolic defects. There was a selective increase in insulin levels and differences in fatty acid composition of obese dam milk which might have contributed to the increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and hypothalamic changes in obesity-resistant cross-fostered offspring. These results demonstrate that postnatal factors can overcome both genetic predisposition and prenatal factors in determining the development of adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and the brain pathways that mediate these functions. diet-induced obesity; hypothalamus; milk; development; plasticity; Agouti-related peptide; leptin MATERNAL INTAKE of a high-fat diet and the presence of obesity during pregnancy and lactation promote obesity in offspring, particularly in individuals with an obesity-prone genetic background (21,32,36,55). However, there is growing evidence that a variety of manipulations during the postnatal environment can override prenatal factors and increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes later in life. Raising pups in small litters leads to increased milk intake and the development of obesity, whereas raising pups in large litters has the opposite effect (16,23,26). Administration of insulin during early postnatal development results in obesity and altered development of hypothalamic neuropeptide systems involved in energy homeostasis (22, 50). Cross-fostering pups is another method of assessing the role of the postnatal environment in later development. A single study in mice has demonstrated that fostering inbred obesity-prone mouse pups with obesity-resistant dams attenuates their obesity, whereas fostering obesity-resistant pups with obesity-prone dams causes them to develop obesity and insulin resistance (51).Unlike many rodent models, the majority of human obesity is inherited as a polygenic disorder (6). For that reason, we have used a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO), in which obesity is also inherited as a polygenic trait (33, 38) in association with insulin resistance (33), hypertension (14), and hyperlipidemia (62). These rats also have several abnormalities of brain function, which antedate and may contribute to the later development o...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal environment overrides genetic and prenatal factors influencing offspring obesity and insulin resistance

Gorski

Dunn-Meynell²,

Hartman³

et al. 2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

191

205

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“…Most studies have altered both the LA and ALA levels in order to attain a range of LA-ALA ratios (11)(12)(13)(14)(15), and there has been little consistency in the percentage of total PUFA of the diet in the various studies. Some investigators have kept the LA constant and varied the level of ALA (16)(17)(18), others have kept the ALA constant while varying the LA level (19). Thus, there was a need for a systematic dose-response study over a broad range of ALA intakes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing DHA levels in piglets by lowering the linoleic acid to α-linolenic acid ratio

Blank

Neumann

Makrides

et al. 2002

Journal of Lipid Research

111

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We examined the effect of altering the linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) to ␣ -linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) ratio in the dietary fats of 3 day old piglets fed formula for 3 weeks. The LA-ALA ratios of the experimental formulas were 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, and 10:1. The level of LA was held constant at 13% of total fats while the level of ALA varied from 1.3% (10:1 group) to 26.8% (0.5:1 group). Incorporation of the n-3 long chain PUFA EPA and 22:5n-3 into erythrocytes, plasma, liver, and brain tissues was linearly related to dietary ALA. Conversely, incorporation of DHA into all tissues was related to dietary ALA in a curvilinear manner, with the maximum incorporation of DHA appearing to be between the LA-ALA ratios of 4:1 and 2:1. DHA is found in high concentrations in neural tissue including brain cortex and the retina. The proportion of DHA in brain cortex is partly dependent on diet, because cortical DHA is higher in breastfed infants when compared with those fed standard formula (1, 2). A number of clinical trials have demonstrated that preterm and term infants fed breast milk or formula supplemented with DHA perform better at a range of neurological and visual tests (3, 4) than their counterparts fed unsupplemented formulas, although some trials have demonstrated no effect of supplementation (5-8). It has been hypothesized that this may be explained by the fact that placebo groups had inadequate precursor ␣ -linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), and hence, insufficient endogenous synthesis of DHA occurred (9). This line of thought is based on the premise that increased ALA will result in improvements in DHA synthesis and hence tissue DHA. Infant studies allow a limited range of ALA levels to be tested as regulatory committees limit the linoleic acid (LA)-ALA ratio to between 5:1 and 10:1 (10). Thus, we planned a study in formula fed piglets, as they are accepted models of human metabolism.As linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) must be added to all formulas to provide essential n-6 fatty acids, testing the effect of increasing the dietary supply of ALA also results in changing the ratio of LA to ALA in the diet. Several different means of altering the LA-ALA ratio have been studied in human and animal models. Most studies have altered both the LA and ALA levels in order to attain a range of LA-ALA ratios (11-15), and there has been little consistency in the percentage of total PUFA of the diet in the various studies. Some investigators have kept the LA constant and varied the level of ALA (16-18), others have kept the ALA constant while varying the LA level (19). Thus, there was a need for a systematic dose-response study over a broad range of ALA intakes.We chose to examine the effect of altering the LA-ALA ratio in the diet of newborn piglets, as the timing of the brain growth spurt is similar to that reported for humans. In this experiment we tested LA-ALA ratios ranging from 10:1 (found in many infant formulas) through to 0.5:1 by keeping the LA level constant and varying the ALA concentration as a first step in elu...

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“…Toutefois, l'ALA étant peu incorporé dans les triacylglycérols, il est retrouvé en moindre quantité que le LA. Pour autant, le rapport LA/ALA est deux fois plus élevé dans le lait maternel qu'il ne l'est dans l'alimentation de la mère (Guesnet et al, 1997(Guesnet et al, , 2009). …”

Section: Lait Maternelunclassified

Composition en acides gras poly-insaturés de notre assiette et utilisation des matières premières agricoles en France : une amélioration lente, mais insuffisante

Duru¹,

Magrini²

2017

OCL

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Résumé -Un consensus est établi qu'un apport insuffisant en acide alpha-linolénique (ALA) et un rapport LA (acide linoléique)/ALA trop élevé contribuent à un accroissement de nombreuses maladies chroniques. Pour évaluer l'évolution de ces apports en France au cours des 20 dernières années (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012), nous estimons les quantités apparentes consommées incluant la composition des produits animaux selon leur mode d'alimentation. Nous montrons que les consommations en LA et ALA ont respectivement diminué et augmenté (de 0,72 à 0,94 g/j pour l'ALA) et que le rapport LA/ALA est passé de 18,3 à 12,4. L'évolution observée est cohérente avec celle de la composition du lait maternel. Ces valeurs sont proches de celles obtenues en 2006 par enquêtes auprès d'un échantillon de consommateurs. Elle est discutée au regard des politiques publiques de santé, des stratégies de production agricole et du comportement du consommateur. Ces lentes évolutions suggèrent que des changements radicaux restent nécessaires pour se rapprocher des recommandations (ALA = 1,8 g/j ; LA/ALA 4). Elles questionnent les marges de manoeuvre dont dispose le consommateur pour choisir des produits animaux selon leur mode d'alimentation et les huiles alimentaires selon leurs apports.Mots clés : AGPI/consommation apparente / huiles végétales / prairie / produits animaux / tourteaux Abstract -Polyunsaturated fatty acids composition of our meals and use of agricultural raw products in France: a slow improvement, but not sufficient. A consensus is established that an insufficient intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and a ratio LA (linoleic acid)/ALA too high contribute to an increase in chronic diseases. To assess the evolution of their intake during the last 20 years (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) in France, we estimate their apparent consumption, taking into account the composition of animal products according to their feeding regimes. We show that the consumption of LA and ALA have decreased and increased respectively (from 0.72 to 0.94 g/d for ALA) and the ratio LA/ALA increased from 18.3 to 12.4. This trend is consistent with that of the breast milk composition. These values are close to those obtained in 2006 from surveys of a sample of consumers. It is discussed in terms of public health policies, agricultural production strategies and consumer behavior. These slow changes suggest that radical ones are needed to meet recommendations (ALA = 1.8 g/d; LA/ALA 4). They question the room for the consumer to choose animal products according to their feeding regimes and oils according to their composition.

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Modifying the n−3 fatty acid content of the maternal diet to determine the requirements of the fetal and suckling rat

Cited by 42 publications

References 26 publications

Postnatal environment overrides genetic and prenatal factors influencing offspring obesity and insulin resistance

Postnatal environment overrides genetic and prenatal factors influencing offspring obesity and insulin resistance

Optimizing DHA levels in piglets by lowering the linoleic acid to α-linolenic acid ratio

Composition en acides gras poly-insaturés de notre assiette et utilisation des matières premières agricoles en France : une amélioration lente, mais insuffisante

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