Modifying Coatings for Medical Implants Made of Titanium Alloys

Abstract

This review considered various methods for depositing special modifying coatings on medical implants made of titanium alloys including techniques such as electrochemical deposition, sol–gel process, atmospheric plasma deposition, and PVD methods (magnetron sputtering and vacuum arc deposition). The rationale is provided for the use of modifying coatings to improve the performance efficiency of implants. The concept of a functional multilayer coating designed for products operating in the human body environment is proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods for depositing coatings are considered based on the possibility of their use for obtaining modifying coatings for medical purposes deposited on a titanium alloy base.

Dental Implants: Modern Materials and Methods of Their Surface Modification

“…The main materials for the production of dental implants are titanium and its alloys. For commercialized dental implants, the following grades of alloys are mainly used [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]: The number of publications (%) is presented relative to their total number for all groups of materials (SS+Ti+Zr+Ta).…”

“…The main materials for the production of dental implants are titanium and its alloys. For commercialized dental implants, the following grades of alloys are mainly used [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]:…”

“…Ti-Cu [117][118][119] Ti-Cu-Al [120] Ti-Cu-Nb [121] Ti-Mo [122][123][124] Ti-Mo-Zr [123] Ti-Mo-Zr-Fe [125] Ti-Mg [126][127][128][129] Ti-Mg-Sr [130] Ti-Fe [131] Te-Fe-Ge [132] Ti-Ca [133] Ti-Pd [133][134][135] Ti-Pt [133] Ti-6Al-4V alloy is 3.0-3.5 times stronger than commercially pure titanium and cheaper to produce [136], which makes it indispensable in the manufacture of thin, reliable implants with special compression threads that are placed in the dense basal regions of the jawbone [52]. However, vanadium and aluminum contained in the alloys have been shown [137,138] to have toxic effects on biological entities and can lead to long-term health problems, such as neurological diseases and Alzheimer's disease [139][140][141][142], while aluminum and iron (although it is not a toxic element) lead to the formation of a connective tissue layer around the implant and to significant tissue contamination, which is a sign of the insufficient bioinertness of the metal.…”

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Ti-N-O Modified Layer on the TC4 Titanium Alloy Prepared by Hollow Cathodic Plasma Source Oxynitriding

“…For instance, Cl − present in artificial saliva can be adsorbed on the oxide film, leading to its decomposition [8]. In successful cases involving surgical and medical instruments, various surface engineering technologies, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and plasma nitriding (PN), have been employed to enhance biocompatibility, antibacterial effects, and high corrosion resistance in the human body [9,10]. Among these techniques, PN is extensively used as a surface modification method capable of forming relatively thick, complex, adherent films with corrosion resistance [11][12][13].…”

Tribocorrosion and Surface Protection Technology of Titanium Alloys: A Review

“…Titanium alloy has developed into a primary material for high-end surgical implants with high specific strength, good biocompatibility, and mechanical compatibility [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. In particular, additive manufacturing technology based on a digital model can form a personalized titanium alloy with a porous structure, which can effectively solve the problem of stress shielding between dense metal and human bone and is conducive to the growth of bone tissue [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”