Modifying assertive behavior in women: A comparison of three approaches

Wolfe, Janet L.; Fodor, Iris

doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(77)80187-1

Cited by 72 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Iris and I led dozens of women's assertiveness groups as part of my thesis on assertiveness training for women. The outcome of my thesis research confirmed what I had begun to suspect: that while the behavioral and cognitive/behavioral groups significantly increased their assertive behavior, the "insight" condition (which was basically a CR group), reported an increased understanding of the roots of their assertiveness problems, but showed no significant behavioral gains on the post-test (Wolfe & Fodor, 1977).…”

Section: A Personal Journeysupporting

confidence: 67%

Rational emotive behavior therapy women's groups: A twenty year retrospective

Wolfe¹

1995

J Rational-Emot Cognitive-Behav Ther

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Editor's Note: Janet Wolfe was invited to describe her significant contributions to the evolution of cognitive/behavioral/feminist women's groups, including the personal influences that led her to this particular career focus. In this retrospective, key elements in REBT women's groups are highlighted and illustrated with a case example; and changes that have occurred in these groups over the past twenty years are described. A comparison is made with other popular types of women's groups, and suggestions offered for the further development of gender-informed REBT. WOMEN'S ISSUES: AN OVERVIEWThe past 20 years has seen the emergence of considerable social scientific evidence that sex roles--and particularly the female role--can have very deleterious effects on mental health. Women live in a social world that frequently condones patriarchal domination and womanhating; these sexist beliefs then become adopted by women themselves (Brody, 1987). The tremendous violence against women in the United States has been well documented in recent years. Every 15 seconds, a woman is battered; every 11 days, a woman is murdered by her husband, boyfriend, or live-in lover (1988); and one out of four girls will be

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Section: A Personal Journeysupporting

confidence: 67%

Rational emotive behavior therapy women's groups: A twenty year retrospective

Wolfe¹

1995

J Rational-Emot Cognitive-Behav Ther

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“…In this paper we report the results of two analogue studies with student volunteers using assertiveness training as the focus because an adequate methodology has been established (McFall & Lillesand, 1971) and because assertiveness deficits can imply specific problems in the various modalities of behavior, affect, and cognition (Schwartz & Gottman, 1976;Thorpe, 1975;Wolfe & Fodor, 1977). Instead of using a no-treatment or minimal-treatment control group, we used behavior rehearsal (BR), a technique known to be helpful in assertiveness training, as the comparison condition for the experimental techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

Components of rational-emotive imagery: Two experiments with nonassertive students

Thorpe

Freedman

McGalliard

1984

J Rational-Emot Cognitive-Behav Ther

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Unassertive students took part in two experiments to assess the contributions of emotional and cognitive rehearsal procedures in rational-emotive imagery. In each study participants received analogue treatment in groups, which met twice for one and a half hours. In Experiment 1 behavior rehearsal (BR) was more effective than emotional rehearsal (ER, which involved trying to attenuate unwanted feelings in fantasy) and cognitive rehearsal (CR, which involved examining negative, and rehearsing helpful, self-statements) as assessed by a self-report measure of assertiveness. In Experiment 2 combinations of Experiment 1 procedures were tested in a factorial design. On a behavioral test, BR proved more effective than the treatment combinations, but on questionnaire measures of social anxiety and irrational beliefs rational-emotive imagery (the combination of CR with ER) was superior to the other treatment conditions. Results are encouraging in that rational-emotive imagery was more successful than either component in isolation, even within the limits of a brief analogue study. Further clinical trials are needed.In rational-emotive imagery (REI) clients try to attenuate unwanted emotions of anxiety, depression, guilt, and anger using cognitive restructuring to "make themselves feel" less upset as they imagine specific troublesome situations (Ellis & Harper, 1975;Ellis & Knaus, 1977). This procedure is normally introduced to a client after the basic rationale and principles of rational-emotive therapy (RET) proper have been thoroughly explained. In that context REI is a particularly vivid and dramatic way of illustrating the role of cognitions in altering distressing feelings.To date, however, there have been few systematic studies of REI, and of those reported, REI has been evaluated only in combination with other RET techniques. Davis (1976) compared RET with RET combined with REI and with behavior rehearsal for 65 test-anxious students. Those who received RET alone fared as Geoffrey L. Thorpe, Ph.D., is associate professor of psychology at the University of Maine at Orono. Eric G. Freedman is a doctoral candidate in experimenta~ psychology at the University of Maine at Orono. David W. McC-~lliard, M.S, is Coordinator of Aftercare Services at Community Health and Counseling Services, Bangor, Maine.well as those who had the additional procedures. Similar results were obtained by Hymen and Warren (1978) who compared the effectiveness of RET alone with RET plus REI. A limitation of this study was that only 11 test-anxious students participated. In a study with Community Mental Health Center clients, Lipsky, Kassinove, and Miller (1980) evaluated the effectiveness of RET, RET plus REI, and RET plus rational role reversal (RRR). Control conditions were relaxation training plus support and a no-contact group. RET produced significantly better results than the control conditions and particularly so when REI and RRR were added to RET. This impressive study of 50 clients seems to be the first to have evaluated RET with a heterog...

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“…MacPherson (1972), contrarily, used AT to decrease subjects' levels of aggression. The psychiatric population often receives AT (Eisler et al, 1973a(Eisler et al, , 1974Wolfe and Fodor, 1977;Frederiksen et al, 1976;Foy et al, 1975). In addition, a psychiatric patient suffering from a history of alcoholism (Eisler et al, 1973a) as well as one suffering from chronic crying spells (Rimm, 1967) were successfully treated with AT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%